scholarly journals Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Hackett ◽  
Amy Ronaldson ◽  
Kamaldeep Bhui ◽  
Andrew Steptoe ◽  
Sarah E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Limiting Longstanding Illness ◽  
Fair Poor ◽  
Longstanding Illness

Abstract Background Racism has been linked with poor health in studies in the United States. Little is known about prospective associations between racial discrimination and health outcomes in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods Data were from 4883 ethnic minority (i.e. non-white) participants in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Perceived discrimination in the last 12 months on the basis of ethnicity or nationality was reported in 2009/10. Psychological distress, mental functioning, life satisfaction, self-rated health, physical functioning and reports of limiting longstanding illness were assessed in 2009/10 and 2011/12. Linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, income, education and ethnicity. Prospective analyses also adjusted for baseline status on the outcome being evaluated. Results Racial discrimination was reported by 998 (20.4%) of the sample. Cross-sectionally, those who reported racial discrimination had a greater likelihood on average of limiting longstanding illness (odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49; 2.13) and fair/poor self-rated health (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.24; 1.82) than those who did not report racial discrimination. Racial discrimination was associated with greater psychological distress (B = 1.11, 95% CI 0.88; 1.34), poorer mental functioning (B = − 3.61; 95% CI -4.29; − 2.93), poorer physical functioning (B = − 0.86; 95% CI -1.50; − 0.27), and lower life satisfaction (B = − 0.40, 95% CI -0.52; − 0.27). Prospectively, those who reported racial discrimination had a greater likelihood on average of limiting longstanding illness (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.01; 1.69) and fair/poor self-rated health (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.00; 1.69), than those who did not report racial discrimination. Racial discrimination was associated increased psychological distress (B = 0.52, 95% CI 0.20; 0.85) and poorer mental functioning (B = − 1.77; 95% CI -2.70; − 0.83) over two-year follow-up, adjusting for baseline scores. Conclusions UK adults belonging to ethnic minority groups who perceive racial discrimination experience poorer mental and physical health than those who do not. These results highlight the need for effective interventions to combat racial discrimination in order to reduce inequalities in health.

scholarly journals Disability discrimination and well-being in the United Kingdom: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e035714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Hackett ◽  
Andrew Steptoe ◽  
Raymond P. Lang ◽  
Sarah E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Disability Discrimination ◽  
Perceived Disability ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The United Kingdom

ObjectivesDisability discrimination is linked with poorer well-being cross-sectionally. The aim of this study was to explore prospective associations between disability discrimination and well-being.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study.ParticipantsData were from 871 individuals with a self-reported physical, cognitive or sensory disability.Primary outcome measuresDepression was assessed in 2009/10. Psychological distress, mental functioning, life satisfaction and self-rated health were assessed in 2009/10 and 2013/14.ResultsData were analysed using linear and logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, household income, education, ethnicity and impairment category. Perceived disability discrimination was reported by 117 (13.4%) participants. Cross-sectionally, discrimination was associated with depression (OR=5.40, 95% CI 3.25 to 8.97) fair/poor self-rated health (OR=2.05; 95% CI 1.19 to 3.51), greater psychological distress (B=3.28, 95% CI 2.41 to 4.14), poorer mental functioning (B=−7.35; 95% CI −9.70 to −5.02) and life satisfaction (B=−1.27, 95% CI −1.66 to −0.87). Prospectively, discrimination was associated with increased psychological distress (B=2.88, 95% CI 1.39 to 4.36) and poorer mental functioning (B=−5.12; 95% CI −8.91 to −1.34), adjusting for baseline scores.ConclusionsPerceived disability-related discrimination is linked with poorer well-being. These findings underscore the need for interventions to combat disability discrimination.

scholarly journals 424Person-centred outcomes among 22,205 cancer survivors and 244,000 people without cancer: a population-based Australian study

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Joshy ◽  
Joanne Thandrayen ◽  
Bogda Koczwara ◽  
Phyllis Butow ◽  
Rebekah Laidsaar-Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Fair Poor

Abstract Background With the majority of people with cancer surviving long-term, holistic consideration of health and wellbeing outcomes is critical to optimise survivorship. We quantified short- and long-term physical and mental health-related outcomes in people with and without cancer, including according to cancer type and clinical characteristics. Methods 45 and Up Study (n = 267,153) baseline survey data (2006-2009) were linked to cancer registrations (by the Centre for Health Record Linkage) and cancer diagnoses up to enrolment identified. Modified Poisson regression estimated age-and-sex-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for adverse person-centred outcomes - severe physical functioning limitations, moderate/high psychological distress and fair/poor quality of life - in participants with versus without cancer. Results Cancer survivors (n = 22,205) had significantly higher prevalence of physical functioning limitations compared to participants without cancer (21% versus 13%) PR = 1.28(95%CI=1.25-1.32), overall and in all population subgroups examined. Corresponding estimates were 22% versus 24% (1.05(1.02-1.08)) for psychological distress and 15% versus 10% (1.28(1.24-1.32) for fair/poor quality of life. Outcomes varied by cancer type, being worse for multiple myeloma, lung cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; worse outcomes were also associated with recent diagnosis, recent treatment and advanced stage. Physical functioning limitations in cancer survivors were major contributors to adverse distress and quality of life outcomes. Conclusions Cancer survivors experience adverse physical and mental health outcomes; substantial parts of elevated distress and poor quality of life are likely attributable to physical disability. Key messages In addition to routine screening for psychological distress, management of physical disability and other symptoms are important to optimise cancer survivorship.

scholarly journals Does working beyond the statutory retirement age have an impact on health and functional capacity? The Finnish Retirement and Aging cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-106964
Author(s):  
Prakash KC ◽  
Marianna Virtanen ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Comparable Group ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Extension Group ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Participants

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the development of self-rated health, psychological distress and physical functioning between those retired on time and those who continued working beyond the individual retirement age.MethodsThe study population consisted of 2340 public sector employees from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study. Participants were categorised into no extension of employment (retired at the individual retirement date or <3 months past) and extension of employment (≥12 months). Propensity score matching (1:1 ratio) was used to identify comparable group of participants in the no-extension (n=574) and extension (n=574) groups by taking into account preretirement characteristics and their interactions.ResultsThe prevalence of suboptimal self-rated health and psychological distress changed a little among the extension group during the follow-up from 1 year before (T1) to 18 months (T2) and 30 months (T3) after individual pensionable date. Compared with no extension, the risk of having suboptimal self-rated health in the extension group was 0.89 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.17) at T1, 1.16 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.53) at T2 and 0.96 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.37) at T3. For psychological distress, the corresponding risk ratios were 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32), 1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) and 1.04 (0.61 to 1.79). The mean differences in the number of physical functioning difficulties between the extension and no-extension groups were 0.06 (−0.16 to 0.29) at T1, 0.05 (−0.18 to 0.27) at T2 and −0.11 (−0.39 to 0.17) at T3.ConclusionsThis study found no evidence that voluntarily extending the working career beyond retirement age would pose a risk to health and physical functioning among ageing workers.

scholarly journals Racial Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Health Among US-Born and Foreign-Born Black Americans

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1704-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Anna Kosheleva ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Karestan Koenen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Self Rated Health

scholarly journals Association of COVID-19 employment disruption with mental and social wellbeing: evidence from nine UK longitudinal studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Wels ◽  
Charlotte Booth ◽  
Bozena Wielgoszewska ◽  
Michael J Green ◽  
Giorgio Di Gessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Social Wellbeing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major economic disruptions. In March 2020, the UK implemented the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme, known as furlough, to minimize the impact of job losses. We investigate associations between change in employment status and mental and social wellbeing during the early stages of the pandemic. Methods: Data from 25,670 respondents, aged 16 to 66, from nine UK longitudinal studies were analysed. Changes in employment (including being furloughed) were defined by comparing employment status pre-pandemic and during the first lockdown. Mental and social wellbeing outcomes included psychological distress, life satisfaction, self-rated health, social contact, and loneliness. Study-specific modified Poisson regression estimates, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic outcome measures, were pooled using meta-analysis. Results: Compared to those who remained working, furloughed workers were at greater risk of psychological distress (adjusted risk ratio, ARR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.29), low life satisfaction (ARR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.22), loneliness (ARR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.23), and fair/poor self-rated health (ARR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.50), but risk ratios appear less pronounced compared to those no longer employed (e.g., psychological distress, ARR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.59) or stable unemployed (e.g., psychological distress, ARR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.62). Conclusions: During the early stages of the pandemic those furloughed had increased risk for poor mental and social wellbeing. However, their excess risk was lower in magnitude than those who became or remained unemployed, suggesting that furlough partly mitigated poorer outcomes.

scholarly journals Alcohol consumption trajectories and self-rated health: findings from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e028878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Gémes ◽  
Jette Moeller ◽  
Karin Engström ◽  
Anna Sidorchuk
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Moderate Drinking ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
Longstanding Illness ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveTo investigate whether poor self-rated health and psychological distress are differentially associated with drinking trajectories over time.MethodsFrom the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, two subcohorts surveyed in 2002–2010–2014 and 2006–2010–2014 (n=23 794 and n=34 667 at baseline, respectively) were used. Alcohol consumption, self-rated health, psychological distress (measured by General Health Questionnaire-12), lifestyle factors and longstanding illness were assessed by questionnaires. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were obtained by register linkage. Logistic regression was fitted to assess the associations with eight alcohol consumption trajectories, which were constructed among 30 228 individuals (13 898 and 16 330 from the 2002 and 2006 subcohorts, respectively) with measures of consumption at three time points.ResultsCompared with stable moderate drinkers, all other trajectories were associated with poor self-rated health with multiadjusted OR for stable non-drinkers of 2.35 (95% CIs 1.86 to 2.97), unstable non-drinkers (OR=2.58, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.32), former drinkers (OR=2.81, 95% CI 2.31 to 3.41) and stable heavy drinkers (OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.20). The associations were not fully explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and longstanding illness. Former drinking, but no other trajectories, was associated with psychological distress (OR=1.24; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.41).ConclusionWe found a U-shape association between alcohol trajectories and self-rated health, but not with psychological distress. Compared with stable moderate drinking, former drinking was associated with the highest odds of both poor self-rated health and psychological distress. The study confirms the importance of a life-course approach to examining the effect of alcohol consumption on health and highlights the poorer general and mental health status of non-drinkers who were former drinkers.

scholarly journals Family income and health in Canada: a longitudinal study of stability and change

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Vanzella-Yang ◽  
Gerry Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Family Income ◽  
International Study ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Bottom Quartile ◽  
Fair Poor ◽  
Longstanding Illness

Abstract Background Extensive research has shown strong associations between income and health. However, the health effects of income dynamics over time are less known. We investigated how stability, volatility and trajectory in family incomes from 2002 to 2011 predicted (1) fair/poor self-rated health and (2) the presence of a longstanding illness or health problem in 2012. Methods The data came from the 2012 wave of the Longitudinal and International Study of Adults linked to annual family income data for 2002 to 2011 from the Canada Revenue Agency. We executed a series of binary logistic regressions to examine associations between health and average family income over the decade (Model 1), number of years in the bottom quartile (Model 2) and top quartile (Model 3) of family incomes, standard deviation of family incomes (Model 4), absolute difference between family income at the end and start of the period (Model 5), and number of years in which inflation-adjusted family income went down by more than 1% (Model 6) and up by more than 1% (Model 7) from 1 year to the next. The analyses were conducted separately for women and men. Results Average family income over the decade was strongly associated with both self-rated health and the presence of a longstanding illness or health problem. More years spent in the bottom quartile of family incomes corresponded to elevated odds of fair/poor self-rated health and the presence of a longstanding illness or health problem. Steady decreases in family income over the decade corresponded to elevated odds of fair/poor self-rated health for men and more years spent in the top quartile of family incomes over the decade corresponded to elevated odds of fair/poor self-rated health for women. Conclusion Previous studies of the association between family income and health in Canada may have overlooked important issues pertaining to family income stability and change that are impactful for health.

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