scholarly journals Differential in infant, childhood and under-five death clustering among the empowered and non-empowered action group regions in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronak Paul ◽  
Rashmi Rashmi ◽  
Shobhit Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Weibull Regression ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

Abstract Background With 8,82,000 deaths in the under-five period, India observed varied intra-state and inter-regional differences across infant and child mortality in 2018. However, scarce literature is present to capture this unusual concentration of mortality in certain families by examining the association of the mortality risks among the siblings of those families along with various unobserved characteristics of the mother. Looking towards the regional and age differential in mortality, this paper attempts to provide evidence for the differential in mortality clustering among infants (aged 0–11 months), children (12–59 months) and under-five (0–59 months) period among mothers from the Empowered Action Group (EAG) and non-EAG regions of India. Methods The study used data from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) which includes all the birth histories of 475,457 women aged 15–49 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to fulfil the objectives of the study. A two-level random intercept Weibull regression model was used to account for the unexplained mother (family) level heterogeneity. Results About 3.3% and 5.9% of infant deaths and 0.8% and 1.6% of childhood deaths were observed in non-EAG and EAG regions respectively. Among them, a higher percentage of infant and child death was observed due to the death of a previous sibling. There were 1.67 times [95% CI: 1.55–1.80] and 1.46 times [CI: 1.37–1.56] higher odds of infant and under-five mortality of index child respectively when the previous sibling at the time of conception of the index child was dead in the non-EAG regions. In contrast, the odds of death scarring (death of previous sibling scars the survival of index child) were 1.38 times [CI: 1.32–1.44] and 1.24 times [CI: 1.20–1.29] higher for infant and under-five mortality respectively in the EAG regions. Conclusion The extent of infant and child mortality clustering and unobserved heterogeneity was higher among mothers in the non-EAG regions in comparison to their EAG region counterparts. With the growing situation of under-five mortality clustering in non-EAG states, region-wise interventions are recommended. Additionally, proper care is needed to ameliorate the inter-family variation in mortality risk among the children of both EAG and non-EAG regions throughout their childhood.

Research title on Multilevel Modelling of Time to Death for Under-Five Children: 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Siffir Argawu ◽  
Gudeta Hirko
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Parametric Survival Model ◽  
Parametric Survival

Abstract Background: Reducing child mortality is now a global concern. Globally, Under-five child mortality rate was decreased by 58% in 2017. In the 2016 EDHS report, under-five mortality was declined to 60% in Ethiopia in 2016. Methods: The data for the study was obtained from EDHS data conducted in 2016. In the study, we analysed the data using stratified Cox proportional hazard model and multilevel lognormal parametric survival model. Results: From the total of 10,331 under-five children, 635 (6.1%) deaths had occurred in the 2016 EDHS data. And, the overall probability of survival value was near to 0.92 with the estimated mean survival time was 55.4 months. In the study we found that covariates like birth type of the child, family size, wealth index, frequency of listening radio, place of delivery, place of residence, and geographical region were significant factors for the death of under-five children in stratified Cox proportional hazard model. In the multilevel lognormal parametric survival model, we found that the random-intercept effects of variations between region and household levels on the mean survival times of the children were 1.7 and 0.9, respectively. These values indicated that we had enough evidence for the existence of unobserved heterogeneities between regions and households. Conclusion: The covariates like birth type of the child, family size, wealth index, frequency of listening radio, place of delivery, place of residence, and geographical region covariates were significant factors for under-five children mortality using stratified Cox proportional hazard regression model. In the random-intercept effects model, the two estimated variances of the random-intercept effects for regional and household levels were 1.7 and 0.9, respectively. The values indicate that we have enough evidence that there were unobserved heterogeneities on the mean survival times of the under-five children between regions and households levels. Further studies should be conducted to identify the individual, household, and community-level factors associated with infant and child mortality in Ethiopia.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY DETERMINANTS IN BANGLADESH: ARE THEY CHANGING?

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABUL KASHEM MAJUMDER ◽  
MARIAN MAY ◽  
PRAKASH DEV PANT
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Index Child ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Survival Status ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

From the data of the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey, aggregate deaths reported at ages 0-12 and 13-60 months are used to estimate infant and child mortality. Multivariate analysis shows that preceding birth interval length, followed by survival status of the immediately preceding child, are the most important factors associated with differential infant and child mortality risks; sex of the index child and mother's and father's education are also significant. Demographic factors are influential during infancy as well as childhood, but social factors, particularly mother's and father's education, now emerge as significant predictors of infant mortality risks. This indicates a change in the role of socioeconomic factors, since the earlier Bangladesh Fertility Survey in 1975.

Linkages of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities with Infant and Child Mortality Rates in India and Its Specific Regions: Are Social Determinants of Health still Relevant?

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282199770
Author(s):  
Prem Shankar Mishra ◽  
Debashree Sinha ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Shobhit Srivastava ◽  
T. S. Syamala
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Predicted Probability ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
National Family

The present study investigated linkages between multiple socio-economic vulnerabilities with infant and child mortality in India and its specific regions. Data from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) was used for calculating the key-outcome variables, namely infant mortality and child mortality. The effective sample size for the study was 259,627. Bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to examine three dimensions of vulnerabilities such as education, wealth, and caste on infant and child mortality. Children born to women with multiple-vulnerabilities were more likely to die than those born to non-vulnerable women. Women who were vulnerable in all the three-dimensions were more likely to have their children die as infants than those who were not vulnerable in any dimensions (predicted probabilities; 0.054 vs 0.026). The predicted probability for child mortality was 0.063 for women who were vulnerable and 0.028 for non-vulnerable women.

The effect of child death on birth spacing in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-337
Author(s):  
Jude Ewemade ◽  
Joshua Akinyemi ◽  
Nicole DeWet
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Index Child

AbstractStudies have focused on the effect of short birth spacing on childhood mortality, yet very little attention has been paid to the possibility of an inverse relationship such that child mortality might also positively or negatively affect birth spacing. In Nigeria, where both fertility and child mortality are high, this inverse relationship is a possible reason for the country’s high fertility. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of child death on time to birth of the next child. Data were drawn from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. The study sample comprised 188,986 live births born to women aged 15–49 years within the five years preceding the survey. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted to the data, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals calculated. More than half of the mothers (68%) already had a next birth by 36 months after the death of the index child. Controlling for other covariates, the Cox regression model showed that the likelihood of next birth was higher when the index child had died compared with when the index child survived (HR: 2.21; CI: 2.03–2.41). Sub-group analysis by geo-political regions in Nigeria showed that in all regions there was a higher likelihood of having a next birth following the death of a preceding child. Death of the index child was found to be a major factor that shortens the length of birth intervals in Nigeria. It is therefore important that the Government of Nigeria intensifies efforts aimed at reducing infant mortality and encouraging adequate birth spacing.

ROLE OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR IN CHILD MORTALITY IN THE SLUMS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENNIE M. D’SOUZA
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Life Threatening

The role of family health-seeking behaviour in under-five-year child mortality was explored through the combined approach of examining health-seeking behaviour regarding treatment generally, and in specific in relation to illness before death. A population-based case control study was carried out during the period 1993–1994 using 222 deaths from diarrhoea and acute respiratory illness (ARI) in children under five years of age in six slums of Karachi as cases, and 419 controls matched on age, disease (diarrhoea and ARI) and slum. Factors significantly associated (p<0·05) with child mortality in the multivariate analysis were: mothers changing healers quickly, using a traditional healer or an unqualified doctor and mothers to whom doctors did not explain the treatment, even when maternal education was controlled for. Seeking effective medical services is highly influential on whether the child survives or succumbs to ARI or diarrhoea. As mothers are the first providers of care, an attempt should be made to try and improve their skills through health education so that they can use simple and effective treatments for minor illnesses. They should also be taught to recognize potentially life-threatening conditions, to seek care early and to persist with treatment.

Association between Ambient PM2·5 and Under- Five, Infant, and Child Mortality in Latin America, 2010- 2015: A Longitudinal Analysis in 337 Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ortigoza ◽  
Nelson Gouveia ◽  
Josiah Kephart ◽  
Francisco Javier Prado-Galbarro ◽  
Guta Friche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

scholarly journals Trends, patterns and predictive factors of infant and child mortality in well-performing and underperforming states of India: a secondary analysis using National Family Health Surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e023875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrigesh Bhatia ◽  
Laxmi Kant Dwivedi ◽  
Mukesh Ranjan ◽  
Priyanka Dixit ◽  
Venkata Putcha
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
National Level ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
National Family ◽  
Huge Variation

ObjectivesThis paper analyses the patterns and trends in the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of 5 in India (1992–2016) and quantifies the variation in performance between different geographical states through three rounds of nationally representative household surveys.DesignThree rounds of cross-sectional survey data.SettingThe study is conducted at the national level: India and its selected good-performing states, namely Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, and selected poor-performing states, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.ParticipantsAdopting a multistage, stratified random sampling, 601 509 households with 699 686 women aged 15–49 years in 2015–2016, 109 041 households with 124 385 women aged 15–49 years in 2005–2006, and 88 562 households with 89 777 ever married women in the age group 13–49 years in 1992–1993 were selected.ResultsThrough the use of maps, this paper clearly shows that the overall trend in infant and child mortality is on a decline in India. Computation of relative change shows that majority of the states have witnessed over 50% reduction in both infant and under-5 mortality rates from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-I to NFHS-4. However, the improvements are not evenly distributed, and there is huge variation in performance between states over time. Funnel plots show that the most populous states like Uttar Pradesh Bihar and Madhya Pradesh have underperformed consistently across the survey period from 1992 to 2016. Regression analysis comparing high-performing and low-performing states revealed that female infants and women with shorter birth intervals had greater risk of infant deaths in poor-performing states.ConclusionAttempts to reduce infant and child mortality rates in India are heading in the right direction. Even so, there is huge variation in performance between states. This paper recommends a mix of strategies that reduce child and infant mortality among the high-impact states where the biggest improvements can be expected, including the need to address neonatal mortality.

scholarly journals Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Iran: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahya Abbasi ◽  
Maryam Tajvar ◽  
Badrye Karami
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Delivery Type

Abstract Background: The under-five child mortality is considered as one of the indicators of development and health of a population. The death of many children during this period is preventable. This study reviewed the determinants of child death in Iran.Methods: A systematic search in seven electronic databases and two search engines of all the studies that identified determinants of child mortality in any part of Iran or in the whole country were included, without any restriction of time or language of studies. To identify the studies, a combination of hand searching, gray literatures and bibliographies was also conducted. These sources and citations yielded a total of 512 articles; nevertheless, finally 32 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, then were reviewed and analyzed.Results: Amongst the 32 studies published between 2000 and 2019 in Iran, 22 studies were cross-sectional and 14 published in Farsi language. The associations between several factors (n=57) and the child mortality were examined. Factors such as ‘birth weight’, ‘mother’s literacy’, ‘socioeconomic status’, ‘delivery type’, ‘gestational age’, ‘pregnancy interval’, ‘place of residence’, ‘Immaturity’, ‘type of nutrition’, ‘father’s literacy’ and ‘child gender’ were the most important determinants of child mortality.Conclusions: Effective efforts with emphasis on identifying and managing the determinants of child mortality are essential to improve their health indicators.

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