scholarly journals “The Real Cost” Smokeless campaign: changes in beliefs about smokeless tobacco among rural boys, a longitudinal randomized controlled field trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Farrelly ◽  
Nathaniel H. Taylor ◽  
James M. Nonnemaker ◽  
Alexandria A. Smith ◽  
Janine C. Delahanty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Abstract Background The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco (SLT) use in 2019 among high school students was 4.8%, and the overall rate of SLT use was higher among high school boys (7.5%) than girls (1.8%). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched “The Real Cost” Smokeless media campaign in April 2016 to educate rural youth about the dangers of SLT use. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of “The Real Cost” Smokeless campaign. Methods We use a 3-year (Jan 2016 – Dec 2018) randomized controlled longitudinal field trial that consists of a baseline survey of boys and a parent/guardian and four follow-up surveys of the boys. The cohort includes 2200 boys who were 11 to 16 years old at baseline and lived in the rural segments of 30 media markets (15 treatment markets and 15 control). “The Real Cost” Smokeless campaign targets boys who are 12 to 17 years old in 35 media markets. It focuses primarily on graphic depictions of cosmetic and long-term health consequences of SLT use. The key outcome measures include beliefs and attitudes toward SLT that are targeted (explicitly or implicitly) by campaign messages. Results Using multivariate difference-in-difference analysis (conducted in 2019 and 2020), we found that agreement with 4 of the 11 explicit campaign-targeted belief and attitude measures increased significantly from baseline to post-campaign launch among boys 14 to 16 years old in treatment vs. control markets. Agreement did not increase for boys 11–13 years old in treatment vs. control markets and only increased for one targeted message for the overall sample. Conclusions These findings suggest that “The Real Cost” Smokeless campaign influenced beliefs and attitudes among older boys in campaign markets and that a campaign focused on health consequences of tobacco use can be targeted to rural boys, influence beliefs about SLT use, and potentially prevent SLT use.

scholarly journals Awareness of “The Real Cost” Campaign Among US Middle and High School Students: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Delahanty ◽  
Ollie Ganz ◽  
Jennifer K. Bernat ◽  
Sarah Trigger ◽  
Alexandria Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Education Campaign

Objectives: Monitoring awareness of a public education campaign can help to better understand the extent of sustained population-level exposure to the campaign. We examined unaided awareness (awareness that does not include a visual image to remind the respondent of the campaign or advertisement) and correlates of unaided awareness of “The Real Cost,” a national youth tobacco education campaign developed by the US Food and Drug Administration and implemented in 2014. Methods: This secondary analysis examined unaided campaign awareness by using data from the 2017 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative school-based sample of young persons aged 9-19 years (n = 17 269) surveyed approximately 3 years after campaign launch. We compared unaided campaign awareness among various cigarette user groups (experimenters, susceptible nonsmokers, current or former smokers, and nonsusceptible nonsmokers). We examined associations between unaided campaign awareness and demographic and tobacco-related correlates, overall and by cigarette user group. Results: Three years after “The Real Cost” campaign was launched, most middle and high school students (58.5%) still reported unaided campaign awareness. Of 17 269 middle and high school students in the sample, 62.0% of susceptible nonsmokers and 64.5% of experimenters reported unaided campaign awareness. Among susceptible nonsmokers, unaided campaign awareness differed by age and race/ethnicity and was higher among students with greater tobacco-related harm perceptions (vs lower harm perceptions) and exposure to pro-tobacco marketing (vs no exposure). Conclusions: Future surveillance and research could examine awareness of “The Real Cost” campaign and effects of the campaign on young persons’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to further assess the public health impact of tobacco prevention campaigns.

scholarly journals An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7023
Author(s):  
Selamawit Hirpa ◽  
Andrew Fogarty ◽  
Adamu Addissie ◽  
Linda Bauld ◽  
Thomas Frese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Capital City ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
School Students ◽  
Study Participants

Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals’, and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4–44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4–19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1–8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.

scholarly journals Developing Smokeless Tobacco Prevention Messaging for At-Risk Youth: Early Lessons from “The Real Cost” Smokeless Campaign

Health Equity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Walker ◽  
Sarah A. Evans ◽  
Cameron Wimpy ◽  
Amanda T. Berger ◽  
Alexandria A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost

Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Rural High School Students in Arkansas

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Williams ◽  
Rick Guyton ◽  
Phillip J. Marty ◽  
Robert J. McDermott ◽  
Michael E. Young
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
School Students ◽  
Rural High School ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use

Microcomputer-Assisted Mathematics: Polynomial Equations Revisited

1986 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 732-737
Author(s):  
Jillian C. F. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Polynomial Equations ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Solutions ◽  
Quadratic Equations ◽  
Computational Difficulty

Although solving polynomial equations is important in mathematics, most high school students can solve only linear and quadratic equations. This is because the methods for solving cubic and quartic equations are difficult, and no general methods of solution are available for equations of degree higher than four. However, numerical methods can be used to approximate the real solutions of polynomial equations of any degree. Because they involve a great deal of computation they have not traditionally been taught in the schools. Now that most students have access to calculators and computers, this computational difficulty is easily overcome.

scholarly journals Six-Month Outcomes from the NEXit Junior Trial of a Text Messaging Smoking Cessation Intervention for High School Students: Randomized Controlled Trial With Bayesian Analysis

10.2196/29913 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e29913
Author(s):  
Marcus Bendtsen ◽  
Preben Bendtsen ◽  
Ulrika Müssener
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
School Students ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Prolonged Abstinence

Background The prevalence of daily or occasional smoking among high school students in Sweden was approximately 20% in 2019, which is problematic since lifestyle behaviors are established in adolescence and track into adulthood. The Nicotine Exit (NEXit) Junior trial was conducted in response to a lack of evidence for the effects of text message smoking cessation interventions among high school students in Sweden. Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the 3- and 6-month effects of a text messaging intervention among high school students in Sweden on smoking cessation outcomes. Methods A 2-arm, single-blind randomized controlled trial was employed to estimate the effects of the intervention on smoking cessation in comparison to treatment as usual. Participants were recruited from high schools in Sweden using advertising and promotion by school staff from January 10, 2018, to January 10, 2019. Weekly or daily smokers who were willing to make a quit attempt were eligible for inclusion. Prolonged abstinence and point prevalence of smoking cessation were measured at 3 and 6 months after randomization. Results Complete case analysis was possible on 57.9% (310/535) of the participants at 6 months, with no observed statistically significant effect on 5-month prolonged abstinence (odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% CI 0.73-2.20; P=.39) or 4-week smoking cessation (OR 1.42; 95% CI 0.83-2.46; P=.20). Sensitivity analyses using imputation yielded similar findings. Unplanned Bayesian analyses showed that the effects of the intervention were in the anticipated direction. The findings were limited by the risk of bias induced by high attrition (42.1%). The trial recruited high school students in a pragmatic setting and included both weekly and daily smokers; thus, generalization to the target population is more direct compared with findings obtained under more strict study procedures. Conclusions Higher than expected attrition rates to follow-up 6 months after randomization led to null hypothesis tests being underpowered; however, unplanned Bayesian analyses found that the effects of the intervention were in the anticipated direction. Future trials of smoking cessation interventions targeting high school students should aim to prepare strategies for increasing retention to mid- and long-term follow-up. Trial Registration IRCTN Registry ISRCTN15396225; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15396225 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-3028-2

scholarly journals Examination of high school students' attitudes towards homework, procrastination behaviors and efficacy beliefs

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Canan Koçak Altundağ
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
School Students ◽  
Efficacy Belief ◽  
Social Efficacy ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between high school students' academic procrastination behaviors, efficacy beliefs, and attitudes towards homework. This study has shown that students with low academic and/or social efficacy belief engage in more academic procrastination behavior than those with high academic and/or social efficacy belief and that students with high academic, social, and/or emotional efficacy belief have a more positive attitude towards homework than those with low academic, social, and/or emotional efficacy belief. There was no significant statistical difference in academic procrastination behavior based on low or high emotional efficacy belief. This study examines the relationship between high school students' efficacy beliefs, academic procrastination behaviors, and their attitude towards homework in order to address the fact that in the literature there was no study on the correlation between efficacy belief and both academic procrastination and attitude towards homework.

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