Association of neighborhood greenness with severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease

Abstract Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an epidemic infectious disease in China. Relationship of neighborhood greenness with human health has been widely studied, yet its association with severe HFMD has not yet been established. Methods Individual HFMD cases that occurred in Guangdong province in 2010 were recruited and were categorised into mild and severe cases. Residential greenness was assessed using global land cover data. We used a case-control design (i.e., severe versus mild cases) with logistic regression models to assess the association between neighborhood greenness and HFMD severity. Effect modification was also examined. Results A total of 131,606 cases were included, of whom 130,840 were mild cases and 766 were severe cases. In an unadjusted model, HFMD severity increased with higher proportion of neighborhood greenness (odds ratio, OR = 1.029, 95%CI: 1.009–1.050). The greenness-HFMD severity association remained (OR = 1.031, 95%CI: 1.006–1.057) after adjusting for population density, demographic variables and climate variables. Both population density (Z = 4.148, P < 0.001) and relative humidity (Z = -4.297, P < 0.001) modified the association between neighborhood greenness and HFMD severity. In the stratified analyses, a protective effect (OR = 0.769, 95%CI: 0.687–0.860) of greenness on HFMD severity were found in the subgroup of population density being lower than and equal to 5 ln(no.)/km2. While in both the subgroups of population density being higher than 5, the greenness had hazard effects (subgroup of > 5 & ≤7: OR = 1.071, 95%CI: 1.024–1.120; subgroup of > 7: OR = 1.065, 95%CI: 1.034–1.097) on HFMD severity. As to relative humidity, statistically significant association between greenness and HFMD severity was only observed in the subgroup of being lower than and equal to 76% (OR = 1.059, 95%CI: 1.023–1.096). Conclusions Our study found that HFMD severity is associated with the neighborhood greenness in Guangdong, China. This study provides evidence on developing a prevention strategy of discouraging the high-risk groups from going to the crowded green spaces during the epidemic period.

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Association between meteorological factors and reported cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2000 to 2015 in Japan

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817001820 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (14) ◽

pp. 2896-2911 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. SUMI ◽

S. TOYODA ◽

K. KANOU ◽

T. FUJIMOTO ◽

K. MISE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Entropy Method ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Lower Threshold ◽

Control Measures ◽

Temperature Threshold ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to clarify the association between hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics and meteorological conditions. We used HFMD surveillance data of all 47 prefectures in Japan from January 2000 to December 2015. Spectral analysis was performed using the maximum entropy method (MEM) for temperature-, relative humidity-, and total rainfall-dependent incidence data. Using MEM-estimated periods, long-term oscillatory trends were calculated using the least squares fitting (LSF) method. The temperature and relative humidity thresholds of HFMD data were estimated from the LSF curves. The average temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 12 °C and a higher threshold at 30 °C for risk of HFMD infection. Maximum and minimum temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 6 °C and a higher threshold at 35 °C, suggesting a need for HFMD control measures at temperatures between 6 and 35 °C. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of maximum and minimum temperatures rather than the average temperature, to estimate the temperature threshold of HFMD infections. The results obtained might aid in the prediction of epidemics and preparation for the effect of climatic changes on HFMD epidemiology.

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Relationship of foot-and-mouth disease virus plaque size on cell cultures to infectivity for cattle by intramuscular inoculation

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/bf01250142 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 276-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

G. E. Cottral ◽

R. E. Patty ◽

P. Gailiunas ◽

F. W. Scott

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Plaque Size ◽

Intramuscular Inoculation ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Relationship Of

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Serologic Relationship of Coxsackie A16 Viruses from the Epidemic of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Japan, 1970, to the Prototype Strain

Japanese Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1111/j.1348-0421.1974.tb00824.x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yoshiaki Fujimiya ◽

Shinobu Oyama ◽

Yoshio Numazaki ◽

Nakao Ishida

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Prototype Strain ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Relationship Of

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Nationwide Survey of Pediatric Inpatients With Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Herpangina, and Associated Complications During an Epidemic Period in Japan: Estimated Number of Hospitalized Patients and Factors Associated With Severe Cases

Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.2188/jea.je20180060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 354-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maria Takechi ◽

Wakaba Fukushima ◽

Takashi Nakano ◽

Miki Inui ◽

Satoko Ohfuji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Epidemic Period ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Weather effects on hand, foot, and mouth disease at individual level: a case-crossover study

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4645-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zhicheng Du ◽

Shao Lin ◽

Tia Marks ◽

Wangjian Zhang ◽

Te Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Weather Factors ◽

Lag Effects ◽

Case Crossover ◽

Foot And Mouth

Abstract Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) raises an urgent public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in China. The associations between weather factors and HFMD have been widely studied but with inconsistent results. Moreover, previous studies utilizing ecological design could not rule out the bias of exposure misclassification and unobserved confounders. Methods We used case-crossover analysis to assess the associations of weather factors on HFMD. Individual HFMD cases from 2009 to 2012 in Guangdong were collected and cases located within 10 km of the meteorological monitoring sites were included. Lag effects were examined through the previous 7 days. In addition, we explored the variability by changing the distance within 20 km and 30 km. Results We observed associations between HFMD and weather factors, including temperature and relative humidity. An approximately U-shaped relationship was observed for the associations of temperature on HFMD across the same day and the previous 7 days, while an approximately exponential-shaped was seen for relative humidity. Statistically significant increases in rates of HFMD were associated with each 10-unit increases in temperature [Excess rate (ER): 7.7%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.9, 11.7%] and relative humidity (ER: 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.7, 3.0%) on lag days 0–6, when assessing within 10 km of the monitoring sites. Potential thresholds for temperature (30.0 °C) and relative humidity (70.3%) detected showed associations with HFMD. The associations remained robust for 20 km and 30 km. Conclusions Our study found that temperature and relative humidity are significantly associated with the increased rates of HFMD. Thresholds and lag effects were observed between weather factors and HFMD. Our findings are useful for planning on targeted prevention and control of HFMD.

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Relationship of speed of slaughter on infected premises and intensity of culling of other premises to the rate of spread of the foot‐and‐mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain, 2001

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.155.10.287 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 155 (10) ◽

pp. 287-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

N. Honhold ◽

N.M. Taylor ◽

L.M. Mansley ◽

A.D. Paterson

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Rate Of Spread ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Relationship Of

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Is hand, foot and mouth disease associated with meteorological parameters?

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810002256 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (12) ◽

pp. 1779-1788 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

E. MA ◽

T. LAM ◽

C. WONG ◽

S. K. CHUANG

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Diurnal Difference ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Winter Peak ◽

The Relationship

SUMMARYWe examined the relationship between meteorological parameters and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) activity. Meteorological data collected from 2000 to 2004 were tested for correlation with HFMD consultation rates calculated through the sentinel surveillance system in Hong Kong. The regression model constructed was used to predict HFMD consultation rates for 2005–2009. After adjusting for the effect of collinearity, mean temperature, diurnal difference in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were positively associated with HFMD consultation rates, and explained HFMD consultation rates well with 2 weeks' lag time (R2=0·119,P=0·010). The predicted HFMD consultation rates were also also well matched with the observed rates (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0·276,P=0·000) in 2005–2009. Sensitivity analysis showed that HFMD consultation rates were mostly affected by relative humidity and least affected by wind speed. Our model demonstrated that climate parameters help in predicting HFMD activity, which could assist in explaining the winter peak detected in recent years and in issuing early warning.

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