scholarly journals Family matters: skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

BMC Ecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background So far, large numbers of studies investigating the microbiome have focused on gut microbiota and less have addressed the microbiome of the skin. Especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has recently received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterised the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age and group composition on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities. Results Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found no effect of age, sex and family on bacterial diversity (alpha diversity). However, when comparing the composition (beta diversity), we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Within families, closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. In addition, we found that age (adults vs. nestlings) affected bacterial composition. Finally, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiota similarity. Conclusions Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment seem to be the influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: So far, large numbers of studies investigating the microbiome have focused on gut microbiota and less have addressed the microbiome of the skin. Especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has recently received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterised the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age and group composition on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities.Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found no effect of age, sex and family on bacterial diversity (alpha diversity). However, when comparing the composition (beta diversity), we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Within families, closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. In addition, we found that age (adults vs. nestlings) affected bacterial composition. Finally, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiome similarity. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment seem to be the influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: So far, large numbers of studies investigating the microbiome have focused on gut microbiota and less have addressed the microbiome of the skin. Especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has recently received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterised the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age and group composition on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities.Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found no effect of age, sex and family on bacterial diversity (alpha diversity). However, when comparing the composition (beta diversity), we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Within families, closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. In addition, we found that age (adults vs. nestlings) affected bacterial composition. Finally, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiota similarity. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment seem to be the influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: An animal’s skin is densely populated with a physiological community of bacteria that represents the first barrier to its environment. Investigations on the physiological skin flora have emerged in recent years, but especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterized the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age, group composition, spatial distribution among families, and environment on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities. Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. While we did not find any effect of sex and age on bacterial diversity, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiome. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment are influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

Social Inequalities

2019 ◽  
pp. 646-652
Author(s):  
Raj Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Social inequality means the existence of social status groups and, therefore, a normatively embedded structure of social stratification. This chapter deals with social inequalities and their dynamics as conditional and causal factors and as results of processes of radical change. Concerning the first aspect, the chapter discusses social class inequalities and dynamics of (absolute) impoverishment, relative deprivation, and rising expectations among certain social groups that may determine ‘transformative’ pressure or even revolutionary situations. Regarding the impact of social transformations on social inequalities, the chapter suggests that the more radical and complex the social transformations, the greater are their effects on social structures and regimes of social inequality. This thesis is underpinned by providing empirical findings on social mobility and income inequality in different historical waves and (sub-)types of transformation. Finally, the chapter identifies seven crucial bundles of factors determining the extent of income inequality as an outcome of current societal transformations and their characteristics.

Winners and Losers in Flexible Labor Markets: The Fate of Women with Chronic Illness in Contrasting Policy Environments—Sweden and Britain

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Burström ◽  
Paula Holland ◽  
Finn Diderichsen ◽  
Margaret Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Flexible Labor ◽  
Policy Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

This study compares employment rates among men and women with and without chronic illness in the contrasting policy environments of Britain and Sweden, through analysis of household surveys for 1979–1995. Professional and managerial groups were winners in both countries, including during recession. By the 1990s, employment rates for healthy Swedish women were uniformly high across the social groups and almost comparable with those of their male counterparts; rates for women and men with a chronic illness were also comparable, albeit at a lower overall rate. The greatest losers were male and female unskilled manual workers in Britain. British women with a chronic illness in the 1990s had less than half the employment rates of healthy women. Such social inequalities were much smaller and less consistent in Sweden, where the impact of illness was softened for all social groups. In Britain, workless men tended to be classed as unemployed or permanently sick, while workless women were more likely to be classed as looking after home/family. Lesser differences were seen in Sweden. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that women in general, and the less skilled and sick in particular, would be the winners in a more flexible, less regulated labor market—quite the reverse.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY OF CHILDREN INMATES AND ASSISTANCE SYSTEM IN THE PENITENTIARY: The Impact of Child Social System to the Assistance Process at Kutoarjo Children Penitentiary

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Indah Sri Utari
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The community of inmates children as a unique and unique social system is difficult to understand when viewed only from the outside, so it is necessary to systematically attempt to know the values, norms, relationships, and objectives-through where and with what they are living, and understand both their own experiences and the world in which they liveThe situational system of the inmates children as human beings (although in this case is the child) to be fostered, is one of the important elements in the whole process of assistance in the Penitentiary is no exception to the Children Penitentiary in Kutoarjo. The entire penitentiary system design, from the assistance program, the assistance mechanism, and the assistance implementation, is actually determined by the circumstances and the reality of the people who are to be fostered, the inmates.The reality of the children inmates who are always on the "social order" in their various communities is essentially constantly changing. Specifically, this study finds links between: the institutional reality of a children penitentiary, which includes the factual circumstances concerning facilities and infrastructure, and the administrative aspects of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary. The reality of the member of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiaryin the form of identified number of occupants, placement systems, and formal and informal groupings of the targeted children in addition to the build and formed a community of the assisted children in KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary and the basic elements of the Social System of the Auxiliaries in all the community of assisted children and etc.As Soerjono Sukanto said that even though human "convicts" live in a confined state, they instinctively want to interact with fellow inmates. This instinct is referred to as "gregariousness" (Soekanto: 1998: 73), which in the last instance will give birth to so-called "social groups". In this context created social structure, social system, norms and so on.

scholarly journals MODELING OF THE ORGANIZATION OF INTERACTION OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF CLUSTER COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT

Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Nina A. Krakhmalova ◽  
Tetiana A. Krakhmalova ◽  
Viktor Kozlovskij
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Cluster Policy ◽  
Regional Competitiveness ◽  
Regional Clusters ◽  
Regional Cluster ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effective System ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Globalization has led to a change in the role of cluster cooperation in economic development. The impact of globalization on regional development of cluster cooperation primarily manifests itself in the fact that it gives regional clusters a new status of subjects of the world economic system and world competitive processes. In the context of globalization, there is a deepening gap in the levels of economic development of regional clusters and an increase in the social vulnerability of the population.Research hypothesis: the concept of regional cluster cooperation covers both a variety of qualitative factors and conditions (informal knowledge networks, trust, image), and a quantitative assessment of attributes and processes (for example, interfirm trade, patenting rates, labor supply, cost of resources used). Regional cluster cooperation consists of the interaction of individual subjects of the region, the social, economic, institutional and social attributes of the region itself. This creates the effect of a combination of factors, increases the competitiveness of the region, creates and (or) uses innovations.The purposeof the study is to substantiate a system of criteria for classifying the forms of spatially localized systems of cluster cooperation, to identify the comparative characteristics of cluster policy models.The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of a number of scientific fields – the theory of national and regional competitiveness, cluster economic theory, the concept of regional archetypes, theories of spatial proximity, the general theory of systems.Results. The features of the clustering of the Ukrainian economy are identified, the main ones are identified: the formation of bottom-up clusters, discrepancies in the interpretation of the concept of cluster policy, the lack of interest of the cluster members in the interaction.Findings. Analysis of cluster policy in the regions of the EU and Ukraine allowed us to distinguish several types of cluster policy depending on various classification criteria. Depending on the stage of cluster development, the features of cluster policy are highlighted and an effective system of cluster cooperation for the Dnipropetrovsk region is proposed.

The Impact of Social Business Strategies in Creating Empirical Social Business Models

2019 ◽  
pp. 210-230
Author(s):  
Siavash Moheb ◽  
Ali Golrokh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Social Business ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this chapter is to define social business and its difference with conventional business type. Governments could not address all the social problems. Because they don't have the knowledge ore the money to do so .however big enterprises have much more resources. Social business is form at the intersection pf social needs and business expertise. Also corporates want to have a good publicity through social responsibility .social business can help them to run social responsibility process through a sustainable approach. The articles reviews the recent literature about social business evolution and definition. And then it goes through social business model literature review to run a social business the definition and models of conventional business models should be redefined. Finally it compare the different Social business models and introduces the social business components in the end there are two cases from Grameen group one of the leading social groups in the word.

Social Search and Personalization Through Demographic Filtering

2011 ◽  
pp. 183-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Taha ◽  
Ramez Elmasri
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
User Profile ◽  
Search System ◽  
Social Search ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Efficient Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Mechanism ◽  
Market Preference

Most existing personalized search systems do not consider group profiling. Group profiling can be an efficient retrieval mechanism, where a user profile is inferred from the profile of the social groups to which the user belongs. The authors propose an XML search system called DemoFilter which employs the concept of group profiling. DemoFilter simplifies the personalization process by pre-defining various categories of social groups and then identifying their preferences. Social groups are characterized based on demographic, ethnic, cultural, religious, age, or other characteristics. DemoFilter can be used for various practical applications, such as Internet or other businesses that market preference-driven products. In the ontology, the preferences of a social group are identified from published studies about the social group. They experimentally evaluate the search effectiveness of DemoFilter and compare it to an existing search engine.

scholarly journals Rapport Management in Online Racial Humor

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Taghreed Abdulasalam ◽  
Istqlal Hassan Ja’afar
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rapport Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Technological Affordances ◽  
Sensitive Issues ◽  
Interpersonal Level ◽  
Different Levels

The present paper aims to investigate how racial humor, posted on Twitter affects rapport between interlocutors at both the interpersonal and intercommoned levels. Thus, the main problem this thesis attempt to address is English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) users' potential lack of awareness of the racially sensitive issues and how to deal with them in (online) intercultural communication. The paper aims to advance the understanding as to how the social and technological affordances of the medium (Herring, 2007) can shape the contexts in which racial humor is morally perceived and attitudinally assessed (in terms of politeness and impoliteness) by the audience on Twitter. After in-depth reading and a systematic coding process, a dataset totaling (312) racial jokes and (956) responses from various users, racial jokes circulated online were found to orient rapport either towards challenge or enhancement. These two rapport orientations were found to be (im)politeness-implicative on two different levels; the interpersonal level between the account administrator and his/her followers, and the societal level between social groups targeted by racial humor and the dominant social group in the society.

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