scholarly journals Rapport Management in Online Racial Humor

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Taghreed Abdulasalam ◽  
Istqlal Hassan Ja’afar
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rapport Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Technological Affordances ◽  
Sensitive Issues ◽  
Interpersonal Level ◽  
Different Levels

The present paper aims to investigate how racial humor, posted on Twitter affects rapport between interlocutors at both the interpersonal and intercommoned levels. Thus, the main problem this thesis attempt to address is English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) users' potential lack of awareness of the racially sensitive issues and how to deal with them in (online) intercultural communication. The paper aims to advance the understanding as to how the social and technological affordances of the medium (Herring, 2007) can shape the contexts in which racial humor is morally perceived and attitudinally assessed (in terms of politeness and impoliteness) by the audience on Twitter. After in-depth reading and a systematic coding process, a dataset totaling (312) racial jokes and (956) responses from various users, racial jokes circulated online were found to orient rapport either towards challenge or enhancement. These two rapport orientations were found to be (im)politeness-implicative on two different levels; the interpersonal level between the account administrator and his/her followers, and the societal level between social groups targeted by racial humor and the dominant social group in the society.

Social Incentives in Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nava Ashraf ◽  
Oriana Bandiera
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Performance Pay ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Social Incentives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Levels

We review the evidence on social incentives, namely on how social interactions with colleagues, subordinates, bosses, customers, and others shape agents’ effort choices in organizations. We propose a two-way taxonomy based on ( a) whether the social group is horizontal (peers at the same level of the hierarchy) or vertical (individuals at different levels within or outside of the organization) and ( b) whether the agent's effort creates externalities for the other members of their social group. We show settings in which social incentives improve productivity and settings in which they reduce it. In most cases, the size of the effect is approximately 10%, which is half of the typical effect of performance pay. We also show that social incentives can interfere with financial incentives, making them ineffective or even detrimental. We conclude that social incentives are a powerful motivator that must be taken into account in the design of organizational policies and that more research is needed to understand how policies can shape the preferences that underpin these incentives.

scholarly journals Role of Bollywood Cinema in Shaping Youngerstersfor Social Awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 6243-6247
Author(s):  
Dr. Neeraj Khattri, Arshita Singh
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sensitive Issues

The potential of cinema from thebeginning is used in such a way which benefits the society.The role of Cinema on society has been recognized from the very beginning of Cinema itself. It has been seen that children who cannot get good education but can easily acquire bad habits- buy two anna tickets and watch cinema daily. The society needs to be made aware of the influence of Cinema on the social and moral turnout of the viewers. An attempt has been made to evaluate the social implications of Cinema which is the powerful medium of information, education and entertainment results in the process of opinion building in various social groups. Community is very much influenced by the cinema and they inhale psychological, cultural, sociological changes along with the drastic changes in lifestyle. In recent times cinema often started to show some sensitive issues related to menstruation, women harassment, drug consumption, sexualviolence, etc. Before these movies no one wants to talk about these things they consider it as taboo for society, people never want to talk about erectile dysfunction sanitation, menstrual hygiene etc but some director and actors raise these issue and motivate people to stand for themselves. Movies like Shubh Mangal JaydaSavdhaan,Toilet ek prem Katha, Phullu and soon address such issues and give courage to talk about that.Through this research paper the attempt was made to analyze the effect of cinema on people and how people accept them. This research also tries to show that movies are not just for entertainment purpose or for commercial success but it also tries to raise social issues and stigma.

Social Search and Personalization Through Demographic Filtering

2011 ◽  
pp. 183-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Taha ◽  
Ramez Elmasri
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
User Profile ◽  
Search System ◽  
Social Search ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Efficient Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Mechanism ◽  
Market Preference

Most existing personalized search systems do not consider group profiling. Group profiling can be an efficient retrieval mechanism, where a user profile is inferred from the profile of the social groups to which the user belongs. The authors propose an XML search system called DemoFilter which employs the concept of group profiling. DemoFilter simplifies the personalization process by pre-defining various categories of social groups and then identifying their preferences. Social groups are characterized based on demographic, ethnic, cultural, religious, age, or other characteristics. DemoFilter can be used for various practical applications, such as Internet or other businesses that market preference-driven products. In the ontology, the preferences of a social group are identified from published studies about the social group. They experimentally evaluate the search effectiveness of DemoFilter and compare it to an existing search engine.

The Frequency of Children's Poisonings in Different Social Groups

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eskola ◽  
K. Poikolainen
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Health Service Utilization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Group Distribution

1 Social stress has been emphasised as one of the major aetiologic factors in childhood poisonings. The clinical records of 188 children treated for acute poisoning in Helsinki during a six month period in 1980 were investigated. 2 The ratios of the observed number of poisonings to the expected ones calculated on the basis of the social group distribution in Helsinki were as follows: (I) 1.9, (II) 0.7, (III) 0.8, and (IV) 1.2. With respect to the poisonings classified as severe, the corresponding ratios were 0.7, 0.6, 1.4 and 1.4. 3 There were more accidental and less serious poisonings in the highest social group than in the other social groups, and they were relatively more often caused by plants or tobacco. The delay from the poisoning to the treatment was the shortest among the children of the highest social group. The differences in poisoning incidence rates among various social groups could partly be explained by different patterns of health service utilization.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: So far, large numbers of studies investigating the microbiome have focused on gut microbiota and less have addressed the microbiome of the skin. Especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has recently received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterised the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age and group composition on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities.Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found no effect of age, sex and family on bacterial diversity (alpha diversity). However, when comparing the composition (beta diversity), we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Within families, closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. In addition, we found that age (adults vs. nestlings) affected bacterial composition. Finally, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiome similarity. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment seem to be the influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

Methodological Individualism and Reductionism in Biology

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
John Dupré
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Straightforward Consequence

Methodological individualism is a thesis generally associated with the social sciences, the thesis that ultimately all social explanations should be given in terms of properties only of individuals, never of social groups, societies, etc. It is a methodological thesis grounded on a metaphysical view: it is impossible for a social group to have any property not entailed by properties of its constituent individuals. This latter thesis, finally, is a straightforward consequence of a standard reductionist assumption, that the behavior of wholes can be fully accounted for in terms of the behavior of their parts.

Social Cognitive Bias

2018 ◽  
pp. 110-132
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Decision Making

Within social psychology and sociology there is a field of study in charge of studying how the social group affects the individual in all areas. In fact, several studies have found that the social decision-making process can be influenced by cognitive biases. This fields establishes two large categories of social groups called ingroup and outgroup depending on whether individuals are part of this group or not. Therefore, an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify. Moreover, the psychological membership of social groups and categories can be related with different aspects such as race, profession, religion, among others, so that individuals can categorize themselves and others in different ways, usually dependent on the context. This categorization that individuals do based in the pertinence to a group and the influence of the group on the person reproduce in the person social cognitive biases that can lead to erroneous decisions. Within these biases the best known is the ingroup bias. This chapter explores some of these social biases and how they influence the decision-making process.

scholarly journals Price-Setting Behavior in the Presence of Social Interactions

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan R. Soetevent ◽  
Lambert Schoonbeek
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Optimal Price ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Other Consumers

SummaryWe consider a market with a profit-maximizing monopolistic firm. Utility-maximizing consumers either buy one unit of the good or none at all. The demand for the good is influenced by local social interactions. That is, the utility which a consumer derives from the consumption of the good depends positively on the fraction of other consumers in his own social group that consume the good. We first consider a benchmark case where the population of consumers is not segmented and constitutes one social group. We derive the optimal price and profit of the firm for this case. Next, we analyse the optimal price and profit for the case where the population of consumers is partitioned into two different social groups. Comparing the results for the cases with one and two social groups, it turns out that the partition into groups does not unambiguously gives the firm the opportunity to raise its price and increase its profit. The effects depend on a non-trivial interplay between the strength of the social interaction effect and the specific composition of the social groups.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: An animal’s skin is densely populated with a physiological community of bacteria that represents the first barrier to its environment. Investigations on the physiological skin flora have emerged in recent years, but especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterized the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age, group composition, spatial distribution among families, and environment on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities. Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. While we did not find any effect of sex and age on bacterial diversity, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiome. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment are influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

scholarly journals Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Social Groups With Shared Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Bailey ◽  
Joshua Knobe ◽  
George Newman
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Psychological Essentialism ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inductive Generalizations

Psychological essentialism has played an important role in social psychology, informing influential theories of stereotyping and prejudice as well as questions about wrongdoers’ accountability and their ability to change. In the existing literature, essentialism is often tied to beliefs in shared biology—i.e., the extent to which members of a social group are seen as having the same underlying biological features. Here we investigate the possibility of “value-based essentialism” in which people think of certain social groups in terms of an underlying essence, but that essence is understood as a value. Study 1 explored beliefs about a wide range of social groups and found that both groups with shared biology (e.g., women) and shared values (e.g., hippies) elicited similar general essentialist beliefs relative to more incidental social categories (e.g., English-speakers). In Studies 2-4, participants who read about a group either as being based in biology or in values reported higher general essentialist beliefs compared to a control condition. Because biological essences about social groups have been connected to a number of downstream consequences, we also investigated two test cases concerning value-based essentialism. In Study 3, beliefs about both shared biology and shared values increased inductive generalizations about the social group relative to control, but in Study 4, only the shared biology condition reduced blame for wrongdoing. Together these findings join with recent work to support a broader theoretical framework of essentialism about social groups that can be arrived at through multiple pathways, including, in the present case, shared values.

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