scholarly journals Chikungunya virus infection: molecular biology, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology in Asian countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarawut Khongwichit ◽  
Jira Chansaenroj ◽  
Chintana Chirathaworn ◽  
Yong Poovorawan
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Adaptive Mutation ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Southwest Indian Ocean ◽  
South And Southeast Asia

AbstractChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne human pathogen that causes chikungunya fever, which is typically accompanied by severe joint pain. In Asia, serological evidence indicated that CHIKV first emerged in 1954. From the 1950’s to 2005, sporadic CHIKV infections were attributed to the Asian genotype. However, the massive outbreak of CHIKV in India and the Southwest Indian Ocean Islands in 2005 has since raised chikungunya as a worldwide public health concern. The virus is spreading globally, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. The emergence of the CHIKV East/Central/South African genotype-Indian Ocean lineage (ECSA-IOL) has caused large outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia affected more than a million people over a decade. Notably, the massive CHIKV outbreaks before 2016 and the more recent outbreak in Asia were driven by distinct ECSA lineages. The first significant CHIKV ECSA strains harbored the Aedes albopictus-adaptive mutation E1: A226V. More recently, another mass CHIKV ECSA outbreak in Asia started in India and spread beyond South and Southeast Asia to Kenya and Italy. This virus lacked the E1: A226V mutation but instead harbored two novel mutations (E1: K211E and E2: V264A) in an E1: 226A background, which enhanced its fitness in Aedes aegypti. The emergence of a novel ECSA strain may lead to a more widespread geographical distribution of CHIKV in the future. This review summarizes the current CHIKV situation in Asian countries and provides a general overview of the molecular virology, disease manifestation, diagnosis, prevalence, genotype distribution, evolutionary relationships, and epidemiology of CHIKV infection in Asian countries over the past 65 years. This knowledge is essential in guiding the epidemiological study, control, prevention of future CHIKV outbreaks, and the development of new vaccines and antivirals targeting CHIKV.

scholarly journals Chikungunya: vaccines and therapeutics

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kothila Tharmarajah ◽  
Suresh Mahalingam ◽  
Ali Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South America ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Southern Indian Ocean ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The Caribbean

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has come to prominence as a global, re-emerging pathogen over the last two decades, progressing from sporadic, remote outbreaks to worldwide explosive epidemics. From contained, though considerable, outbreaks in the southern Indian Ocean, parts of South America and the Caribbean, CHIKV continues to be a significant pathogen in Southeast Asia and India. CHIKV circulates during epidemics through an urban mosquito-to-human transmission cycle, and with no available treatments or licensed vaccines to specifically target CHIKV disease, limiting transmission relies on vector control, which poses significant challenges, especially in developing countries. This review summarizes the current findings and progress in the development of safe, effective and affordable therapeutics and vaccines for CHIKV disease.

scholarly journals A Novel Sub-Lineage of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype Indian Ocean Lineage Caused Sequential Outbreaks in Bangladesh and Thailand

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Juthamas Phadungsombat ◽  
Hisham Imad ◽  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Emi E. Nakayama ◽  
Sajikapon Kludkleeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clock Analysis ◽  
Central South ◽  
Molecular Clock Analysis

In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become geographically widespread. In 2004, the CHIKV East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype moved from Africa to Indian ocean islands and India followed by a large epidemic in Southeast Asia. In 2013, the CHIKV Asian genotype drove an outbreak in the Americas. Since 2016, CHIKV has re-emerged in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. In the present study, CHIKVs were obtained from Bangladesh in 2017 and Thailand in 2019, and their nearly full genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the recent CHIKVs were of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of genotype ECSA, similar to the previous outbreak. However, these CHIKVs were all clustered into a new distinct sub-lineage apart from the past IOL CHIKVs, and they lacked an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 226 of the E1 envelope glycoprotein, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. Instead, all the re-emerged CHIKVs possessed mutations of lysine-to-glutamic acid at position 211 of E1 and valine-to-alanine at position 264 of E2. Molecular clock analysis suggested that the new sub-lineage CHIKV was introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. These results suggest that re-emerged CHIKVs have acquired different adaptations than the previous CHIKVs.

scholarly journals Source-tracking of the Chinese Chikungunya Viruses Suggests That Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia Act as Major Hubs for the Recent Global Spread of Chikungunya Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofu Qiu ◽  
Jinpeng Guo ◽  
Peihan Li ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Xinying Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Globally Distributed

Abstract BackgroundChikungunya fever caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become a major global health concern, which has caused un­expected large outbreaks in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Ameri­cas. China is a non-indigenous region of CHIKV, and the origin of the Chinese CHIKV strains is not well understood. Especially, there is limited understanding of the recent global spread of CHIKV in the context of recent worldwide epidemic of CHIKV.MethodsHere we investigated a novel Chikungunya patient imported from Myanmar into China in August, 2019. The genome was sequenced directly from the serum sample by combined MinION sequencing with BGISEQ-500 sequencing. We constructed a complete CHIKV genome dataset, including 727 CHIKV genomes retrieved from Genbank and the genome sequenced in this study, and conducted an updated and comprehensive phylogenetic analysis to understand the origin, evolution, transmission routes and genetic adaptation of the virus.ResultsAll of the globally distributed CHIKV genomes were divided into three genotypes, including West Africa (WA), East/Central/South African (ECSA) and Asian genotypes. The genome sequenced in this study was located in the Indian Ocean lineage (IOL), and closely related to a strain isolated from a patient in Australia who returned from Bangladesh in 2017. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis showed that the Chinese strains were mainly sourced from Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Further analyses indicated that Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia may act as major hubs for the recent global spread of CHIKV, leading to widespread epidemics and even many large outbreaks. Moreover, we identified 179 distinct sites containing some undescribed sites in the sP and nsP proteins, showing obvious genetic varieties associated with different CHIKV lineages.ConclusionsHere we reported a novel CHIKV isolate from a Chikungunya patient imported from Myanmar into China in 2019, and summarized the source and evolution of Chinese CHIKV strains. The present findings provided better understanding of the recent global evolution of CHIKV, highlighting the urgent need for the strengthened surveillance including the viral diversity surveillance.

scholarly journals Emergence of Chikungunya Virus in Pakistan: What should be done?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Abbas Ali Hussain ◽  
Rabia Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Ocean Islands

Since 10 years, Chikungunya – a virus spread through Aedes spp mosquitoes – has reemerged in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and the Indian Ocean Islands.1 In SouthEast Asia, epidemics have been documented in India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Pakistan

THE SUNDA MEGATHRUST — PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERRY SIEH
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Great Earthquake ◽  
The South ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
Large Earthquakes

After lying dormant for about a thousand years, sudden slippage of a 1600-km long section of the Sunda megathrust fault caused uplift of the seafloor between Aceh and Myanmar, resulting in a great earthquake and the horrific Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. Three months later and just to the south, sudden slippage of a 350-km length of the megathrust beneath Simeulue and Nias islands caused another destructive great earthquake and lesser tsunami. Because it takes centuries for tectonic strains to build up again after such big earthquakes, these two events are unlikely to recur within the next hundred years. Farther south, however, offshore West Sumatra and Bengkulu provinces, another great earthquake and tsunami will likely occur within the next few decades. We are trying to characterize that future earthquake and tsunami, to encourage and to focus preparations for and mitigation of the coming disaster. Similar efforts need to be initiated throughout much of south and southeast Asia, if the disastrous effects of future large earthquakes and tsunamis are to be mitigated.

scholarly journals Source-tracking of the Chinese Chikungunya viruses suggests that Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia act as major hubs for the recent global spread of Chikungunya virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofu Qiu ◽  
Jinpeng Guo ◽  
Peihan Li ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Xinying Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Globally Distributed

Abstract Background Chikungunya fever, caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has become a major global health concern, causing unexpected large outbreaks in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. CHIKV is not indigenous to China, and its origin in the country is poorly understood. In particular, there is limited understanding of the recent global spread of CHIKV in the context of the CHIKV epidemic. Methods Here we investigated a novel Chikungunya patient who came from Myanmar to China in August, 2019. Direct genome sequencing was performed via combined MinION sequencing and BGISEQ-500 sequencing. A complete CHIKV genome dataset, including 727 CHIKV genomes retrieved from GenBank and the genome sequenced in this study, was constructed. An updated and comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted to understand the virus’s origin, evolution, transmission routes and genetic adaptation. Results All globally distributed CHIKV genomes were divided into West Africa, East/Central/South African and Asian genotypes. The genome sequenced in this study was located in the Indian Ocean lineage, and was closely related to a strain isolated from an Australian patient who returned from Bangladesh in 2017. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis showed that the Chinese strains mainly originated from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Further analyses indicated that the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia may act as major hubs for the recent global spread of CHIKV, leading to multiple outbreaks and epidemics. Moreover, we identified 179 distinct sites, including some undescribed sites in the structural and non-structural proteins, which exhibited apparent genetic variations associated with different CHIKV lineages. Conclusions Here we report a novel CHIKV isolate from a chikungunya patient who came from Myanmar to China in 2019, and summarize the source and evolution of Chinese CHIKV strains. Our present findings provide a better understanding of the recent global evolution of CHIKV, highlighting the urgent need for strengthened surveillance against viral diversity.

Similarities and Differences in Migration Flows to Urban Settlements in Five Southeast Asian Countries

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
National Development ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

Sufficient empirical research has accumulated in a number of regions of the less developed world to prepare state-of-the-art reviews of migration studies (Morse, 1965, 1971a, 1971b) as well as in-depth investigations of migration-related issues (Kuper, 1965). Despite its size and world importance, very little such research has been conducted in Southeast Asia. This is evident in both the articles and special bibliographic chapter published in a recent review of urbanization and national development in South and Southeast Asia (Jakobson and Prakash, 1971: also, Breese, 1973).

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