scholarly journals Some lessons for malaria from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matiana González-Silva ◽  
N. Regina Rabinovich
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Governance Strategy ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched in 1988 with the aim of completely clearing wild polio viruses by 2000. More than three decades later, the goal has not been achieved, although spectacular advances have been made, with wild polio virus reported in only 2 countries in 2019. In spite of such progress, novel challenges have been added to the equation, most importantly outbreaks of vaccine-derived polio cases resulting from reversion to neurovirulence of attenuated vaccine virus, and insufficient coverage of vaccination. In the context of the latest discussions on malaria eradication, the GPEI experience provides more than a few lessons to the malaria field when considering a coordinated eradication campaign. The WHO Strategic Advisory Committee on Malaria Eradication (SAGme) stated in 2020 that in the context of more than 200 million malaria cases reported, eradication was far from reach in the near future and, therefore, efforts should remain focused on getting back on track to achieve the objectives set by the Global Technical Strategy against Malaria (2016–2030). Acknowledging the deep differences between both diseases and the stages they are in their path towards eradication, this paper draws from the history of GPEI and highlights relevant insights into what it takes to eradicate a pathogen in fields as varied as priority setting, global governance, strategy, community engagement, surveillance systems, and research. Above all, it shows the critical need for openness to change and adaptation as the biological, social and political contexts vary throughout the time an eradication campaign is ongoing.

scholarly journals The global polio eradication initiative in Pakistan: Lessons learnt and prospects for success

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Sajida Naseem
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
Year 2000

Poliomyelitis commonly called polio is a highly infectious disease caused by three sero types of polio virus 1, 2 and 3, which attacks the nervous system. The virus is transmitted mostly through feco-oral route, less often it is transmitted through polluted food or water. Since there is no treatment or cure to poliomyelitis, this disease can be prevented only. The World Health Assembly in 1988 set the target to eradicate polio globally by the year 2000 through multiple doses of childhood vaccinations that protect a child for whole life.

scholarly journals The role of genetic sequencing and analysis in the polio eradication programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jorgensen ◽  
Margarita Pons-Salort ◽  
Alexander G Shaw ◽  
Nicholas C Grassly
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Abstract Genetic sequencing of polioviruses detected through clinical and environmental surveillance is used to confirm detection, identify their likely origin, track geographic patterns of spread, and determine the appropriate vaccination response. The critical importance of genetic sequencing and analysis to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has grown with the increasing incidence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) infections in Africa specifically (470 reported cases in 2019), and globally, alongside persistent transmission of serotype 1 wild-type poliovirus in Pakistan and Afghanistan (197 reported cases in 2019). Adapting what has been learned about the virus genetics and evolution to address these threats has been a major focus of recent work. Here, we review how phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods have been used to trace the spread of wild-type polioviruses and identify the likely origins of VDPVs. We highlight the analysis methods and sequencing technology currently used and the potential for new technologies to speed up poliovirus detection and the interpretation of genetic data. At a pivotal point in the eradication campaign with the threat of anti-vaccine sentiment and donor and public fatigue, innovation is critical to maintain drive and overcome the last remaining circulating virus.

PARALLEL DILEMMAS: POLIO TRANSMISSION AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Africa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha P. Renne
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parental Opposition

ABSTRACTNigeria is one of three countries where polio continues to be endemic. In northern Nigeria, areas with low levels of polio immunization due to persistent parental opposition as well as implementation and infrastructural problems have contributed to wild poliovirus transmission. Furthermore, political violence associated with Islamic groups opposed to the federal government has also hampered the conclusion of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) efforts. This violence, which began in Borno State and has spread to other parts of northern Nigeria, occurs precisely where poliovirus transmission continues. These two related aspects – parallel dilemmas of low immunization and political violence – confound the conclusion of GPEI efforts in Nigeria. This situation also raises ethical questions both about the final stages of eradication efforts and about military actions to contain ongoing violence. The Nigerian government's attempts to suppress opposition to the polio eradication campaign by threatening non-compliant parents with arrest and by closing down media outlets may frighten some parents into compliance but can also breed resentment and resistance, just as military and police activities, such as house-to-house sweeps and widespread arrests, may encourage sympathy for Islamic insurgents. This situation suggests that the possible solution of one problem – the ending of wild poliovirus transmission – depends upon a solution of the other, i.e. the cessation of violent anti-government activities.

scholarly journals Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Karpova ◽  
К. А. Sarkisyan ◽  
A. A. Movsesyants ◽  
V. A. Merkulov
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.

scholarly journals Analysing malaria events from 1840 to 2020: the narrative told through postage stamps

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Brabin
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
Postage Stamps ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe role played by postage stamps in the history of malaria control and eradication has largely gone unrecognized. Scientific investigators of malaria, especially Nobel laureates, were commemorated with special issues, but the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), which promoted an ambitious and global philatelic initiative in 1962 to support global eradication, is generally overlooked. This review examines the philatelic programme that helped to generate international commitment to the goal of malaria eradication in 1962 and established philatelic malaria icons that had worldwide recognition. Malaria-related postage stamps have continued to be issued since then, but the initial failure of malaria eradication and the changing goals of each new malaria programme, inevitably diluted their role. After the first Global Malaria Eradication Campaign was discontinued in 1969, few Nations released philatelic issues. Since the Spirit of Dakar Call for Action in 1996 a resurgence of postage stamp releases has occurred, largely tracking global malaria control initiatives introduced between 1996 and 2020. These releases were not co-ordinated by the WHO as before, were more commercialized and targeted stamp collectors, especially with attractive miniature sheets, often produced by photomontage. Having a different purpose, they demonstrated a much wider diversity in symbolism than the earlier stylized issues and at times, have been scientifically inaccurate. Nonetheless postage stamps greatly helped to communicate the importance of malaria control programmes to a wide audience and to some extent, have supported preventive health messages.

La valorisation des prestations non-bois: particularités genevoises (essai) | Commercialization of non-wood forest services: the case of Geneva (essay)

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (8) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
Patrik Fouvy
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Body ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Near Future

The history of the forests in canton Geneva, having led to these being disconnected from productive functions, provides a symptomatic demonstration that the services provided by the forest eco-system are common goods. Having no hope of financial returns in the near future and faced with increasing social demands, the state has invested in the purchase of forest land, financed projects for forest regeneration and improvement of biological diversity and developed infrastructures for visitors. In doing this the state as a public body takes on the provision of services in the public interest. But the further funding for this and for expenses for the private forests, which must be taken into account, are not secured for the future.

The Global Context of Vaccine Refusal: Insights from a Systematic Comparative Ethnography of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svea Closser ◽  
Anat Rosenthal ◽  
Kenneth Maes ◽  
Judith Justice ◽  
Kelly Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Vaccine Refusal ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Comparative Ethnography

Library Resources for the History of Science in Newcastle Upon Tyne

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
W. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Local History ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Library Resources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Town ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne

Science historians need two major kinds of literary resources, old books, journals, patents, plans and other documents from which to quarry their facts, and critical tools such as histories of science, bibliographies and biographies. Provision of the second category needs positive planning; the first is often itself an accident of local history. Among the factors which have shaped Newcastle upon Tyne may be numbered a Roman river crossing, a Norman castle, mediaeval walls, powerful charters granted by Tudor and Stuart monarchs, a favourable site in a coalfield, and a phenomenal succession of inventive entrepreneurs in mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, and mechanical and electrical engineering. Its scientific and cultural institutions (see Table) are of respectable maturity, and in addition the town possessed by 1815 several chapel and meeting-house libraries, a newsroom and subscription library in the Assembly Rooms together with three circulating libraries run by prominent booksellers. Present resources are concentrated in six organizations, with two more in the near future.

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