scholarly journals Leaf infiltration in plant science: old method, new possibilities

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Anna Chincinska
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Spontaneous Infiltration ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Normal Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Plant Sciences

AbstractThe penetration of substances from the surface to deep inside plant tissues is called infiltration. Although various plant tissues may be effectively saturated with externally applied fluid, most described infiltration strategies have been developed for leaves. The infiltration process can be spontaneous (under normal atmospheric pressure) or forced by a pressure difference generated between the lamina surface and the inside of the leaf. Spontaneous infiltration of leaf laminae is possible with the use of liquids with sufficiently low surface tension. Forced infiltration is most commonly performed using needle-less syringes or vacuum pumps.Leaf infiltration is widely used in plant sciences for both research and application purposes, usually as a starting technique to obtain plant material for advanced experimental procedures. Leaf infiltration followed by gentle centrifugation allows to obtain the apoplastic fluid for further analyses including various omics. In studies of plant-microorganism interactions, infiltration is used for the controlled introduction of bacterial suspensions into leaf tissues or for the isolation of microorganisms inhabiting apoplastic spaces of leaves. The methods based on infiltration of target tissues allow the penetration of dyes, fixatives and other substances improving the quality of microscopic imaging. Infiltration has found a special application in plant biotechnology as a method of transient transformation with the use of Agrobacterium suspension (agroinfiltration) enabling genetic modifications of mature plant leaves, including the local induction of mutations using genome editing tools. In plant nanobiotechnology, the leaves of the target plants can be infiltrated with suitably prepared nanoparticles, which can act as light sensors or increase the plant resistance to environmental stress. In addition the infiltration has been also intensively studied due to the undesirable effects of this phenomenon in some food technology sectors, such as accidental contamination of leafy greens with pathogenic bacteria during the vacuum cooling process.This review, inspired by the growing interest of the scientists from various fields of plant science in the phenomenon of infiltration, provides the description of different infiltration methods and summarizes the recent applications of this technique in plant physiology, phytopathology and plant (nano-)biotechnology.

Plant Biotechnology Workshop for High School Students

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 504e-504
Author(s):  
Erika Szendrak ◽  
Paul E. Read ◽  
Jon S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
High School Biology ◽  
School Students ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
Set Up

Modern aspects of many subjects (e.g., computer science and some aspects of medical science) are now taught in many high schools, but the plant sciences are often given short shrift. A collaboration was therefore established with a high school biology program in which pilot workshops could be developed to enable advanced students to gain insights into modern plant science techniques. A successful example is the workshop on plant biotechnology presented in this report. This workshop is simple and flexible, taking into account that most high school biology laboratories and classrooms are not set up for sophisticated plant science/biotechnology projects. It is suitable for from 10 to 30 students, depending upon space and facilities available. Students work in pairs or trios, and learn simple disinfestation and transfer techniques for micropropagation and potential subsequent transformation treatments. Students gain insights into: sterile technique and hygiene; plant hormones and their physiological effects; plant cell, tissue and organ culture; the influence of environmental factors on response of cells and tissues cultured in vitro; and an understanding of the phenomenon of organogenesis and resulting plant growth and development. This workshop has been tested on several classes of students and following analysis, several refinements were included in subsequent iterations. Results of the students' experiments have been positive and instructive, with student learning outcomes above expectations. Further details of the workshop techniques and approach will be presented.

scholarly journals Productivity and Quality Responses of Salt-Stressed Roses to Supplemental Calcium

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Alma R. Solís-Pérez ◽  
Raul I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

Plants of Rosa × spp. L. ‘Happy Hour’ grafted on the rootstocks R. × ‘Manetti’ and R. × ‘Natal Briar’ were salinized with 12 mM NaCl and received supplemental calcium (Ca) applications (as CaSO4) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. Additional plants were salinized with 6 mM Na2SO4 and supplemented with 5 mM CaSO4 and compared to non-salinized, no supplemental Ca control plants. Cumulative flowers harvested, shoot length and leaf chlorophyll index were similar for both rootstocks across salt treatments, but Manetti plants had higher dry weights in flowers and most plant tissues except roots. Productivity and water relations in NaCl-salinized plants were not responsive to supplemental Ca. Conversely, calcium-supplemented plants salinized with Na2SO4 had better productivity and quality than those with NaCl, and were similar to non-stressed control plants. Salt injury symptoms were evident only on NaCl-treated plants, regardless of Ca supplements, and closely associated with chloride, but not sodium, accumulation, in leaf tissues. The extent of the ameliorative properties of supplemental calcium applications on salinized rose plants is influenced by the salinity level, the chemical composition of the salinizing solution (major ions and counter-ions) and the cultivar (scion) and rootstock selection.

Towards an informed public

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Royal Botanic Garden ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Botanic Garden

SynopsisThe successful utilisation of recent advances in plant biotechnology for the benefit of mankind, with the avoidance of fundamental mistakes that could lead to environmental disaster, requires wise and balanced legislation. In addition, the conservation of the habitats and germplasm so essential to plant breeding requires carefully planned management of resources. These, however, depend upon an informed public with a sensitivity to, and knowledge and understanding of, the issues at stake. It is the people, after all, who influence decision making by governments, through the ballot box or through the pressure of public opinion. Botanic Gardens have a vital role to play in public education, and have the capacity to become the shop windows for the whole of plant science.Four examples of public education in plant biology being developed at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh are considered, as follows:(i) Public information, as exemplified by the provision of information about plants, lectures about plants and the development of ecological plantings and displays relating to agriculture, plant breeding and conservation.(ii) Contact through art, as exemplified by the Andy Goldsworthy retrospective exhibition of 1990 and the 1991 exhibitions of the work of Redouté and Margaret Stones, in which the media of sculpture and painting inspired by the natural world have been used to build bridges between plant science and the wider public.(iii) Education in primary schools, as exemplified by the ‘Living in a Rainforest’ project, in which young people and their teachers spend periods of time in a replica of a Bornean longhouse and through this experience develop an understanding of the importance of the balance between people and the complex ecosystem of the rainforest.(iv) Education in secondary schools, as exemplified by the Science and Plants for Schools project in which rapid cycling Brassica rapa and other materials are used in the development of new and exciting approaches to the teaching of experimental plant science, genetics and breeding.The ways in which projects such as these can be designed to convey important messages concerning plant breeding, genetic engineering, germplasm and habitat conservation and the role of plants in the world economy are discussed, and ideas for other approaches to public education in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh are outlined.

The initiation of spontaneous infiltration of alloys into carbon preforms in air

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. F. Yang ◽  
X. M. Xi ◽  
L. M. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Carbon Preform ◽  
Active Metal ◽  
Spontaneous Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Front ◽  
Initiation Stage

It was found in a previous work that the Al–Si alloy could spontaneously infiltrate into carbon preforms in air. In this study, the initiation stage of the infiltration process was investigated in detail through two different infiltration experiments. In one experiment, carbon preforms were fully dipped into an alloy bath that was exposed to air, and in the other experiment a carbon preform was only partially dipped into an alloy bath that was protected with a flowing Ar or N2 gas. Experimental results have suggested that the initiation of infiltration is controlled by the pressure of oxidizing gases such as O2 or CO at the infiltration front and is not affected by the presence or absence of N2 gas. The critical pressure of oxidizing gases is estimated to be on the order of 10−4 atm for systems investigated in our experiments. An effective way to reduce the O2 or CO pressure is to flush a preform with nonoxidizing gases during or before infiltration, or to use an active metal to reduce the O2 pressure and thus the corresponding CO pressure.

scholarly journals Building a pathway for diversity in plant sciences in Argentina: highlighting the work of women scientists through virtual activities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Alejandra Auge ◽  
María José de Leone ◽  
Rocío Deanna ◽  
Sonia Oliferuk ◽  
Pamela Anahí Ribone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Science ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Diverse Workforce ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scientific Poster ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
Experimental Approaches

AbstractEncouraging the participation of a diverse workforce in academia increases plurality as it broadens the range of skills, ways of thinking and experiences. Institutions and professional societies have been putting efforts on building plans that help make workplaces, conferences, education and extension programs more relatable to a highly diverse population. Argentina has an overall gender-balanced workforce in the sciences (~53% women/total), with an even higher representation in disciplines related to plant sciences. However, media outlets and national conferences related to genetics, botany, plant physiology, ecology and molecular biology, fail to reflect those numbers as the proportion of women invited for interviews, plenary lectures, and symposia falls below ~30%. As a way to increase the visibility of the wealth of plant science topics and experimental approaches in which Argentinian women work, and to facilitate connections among them across the country and abroad, we created the Argentinian Women in Plant Science network (https://argplantwomen.weebly.com/). This group has grown to over 200 members, representing a wide range of career stages and research topics. Since April, and taking advantage of the confinement situation, our weekly webinar series highlighting women plant scientists has reached an average audience of 60-70 participants, with a record of 100. Recently, we have begun a series of open professional development webinars to reach a wider public. Our first webinar, focused on Scientific poster design, had ~250 participants, most of them undergrad and graduate students from all over the country covering a diverse range of disciplines, including the social sciences. Even though we have immersed ourselves in the plant science community with our weekly seminars, we have expanded our goals with activities aimed to reach out to a much wider audience with webinars and teacher training workshops, hopefully making plant science more attainable to all.

scholarly journals THE ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON PROPIONIBACTERIUM GRANULOSUM STRAINS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Daniela Maria Șandru ◽  
◽  
Magda Panaitescu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Propionibacterium Granulosum ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Gram-positive bacteria Propionibacterium granulosum lives on human skin along with other propionibacteria on the skin, these bacteria are especially important to have healthy skin and occupy some ecological niches. These niches are populated by some pathogenic bacteria. Propionibacterium granulosum bacteria produce some fatty acids that have low molecular weight, bacteriocins and other substances that inhibit some bacteria. The aim of this research is to investigate the microbiological evolution of some essential oils on Propionibacterium granulosum strains. It is observed that the highest values are recorded when 20 µL of essential oil is used.

scholarly journals A short history of plant transformation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Somssich
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plant ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Transformation ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Short History ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cell Genome

The 1977 discovery that Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts a specific piece of DNA into the plant cell genome triggered a race towards the first transgenic plant. Three groups were initially involved in the race, a fourth group entered later on. This race ended in 1983 with four labs publishing their own transgenic plant cell lines. This scientific breakthrough triggered the plant-biotechnology industry, and advanced the field of plant science like hardly any other. Who won the race? Here’s 'A Short History of Plant Transformation'.

scholarly journals Time-resolved analyses of elemental distribution and concentration in living plants: An example using manganese toxicity in cowpea leaves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pax C. Blamey ◽  
David J. Paterson ◽  
Adam Walsh ◽  
Nader Afshar ◽  
Brigid A. McKenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Changes Over Time

SummaryKnowledge of elemental distribution and concentration within plant tissues is crucial in the understanding of almost every process that occurs within plants. However, analytical limitations have hindered the microscopic determination of changes over time in the location and concentration of nutrients and contaminants in living plant tissues.We developed a novel method using synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) that allows for laterally-resolved, multi-element, kinetic analyses of plant leaf tissues in vivo. To test the utility of this approach, we examined changes in the accumulation of Mn in unifoliate leaves of 7-d-old cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants grown for 48 h at 0.2 and 30 μM Mn in solution.Repeated μ-XRF scanning did not damage leaf tissues demonstrating the validity of the method. Exposure to 30 μM Mn for 48 h increased the initial number of small spots of localized high Mn and their concentration rose from 40 to 670 mg Mn kg-1 fresh mass. Extension of the two-dimensional μ-XRF scans to a three-dimensional geometry provided further assessment of Mn localization and concentration.This method shows the value of synchrotron-based μ-XRF analyses for time-resolved in vivo analysis of elemental dynamics in plant sciences.

scholarly journals Deep learning based root-soil segmentation from X-ray tomography

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement DOUARRE ◽  
Richard SCHIELEIN ◽  
Carole FRINDEL ◽  
Stefan GERTH ◽  
David ROUSSEAU
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Classification Technique ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
Science Problem ◽  
Classical Image ◽  
First Time ◽  
Segmentation Problem

One of the most challenging computer vision problem in plant sciences is the segmentation of root and soil from X-ray tomography. So far, this has been addressed from classical image analysis methods. In this paper, we address this root/soil segmentation problem from X-ray tomography using a new deep learning classification technique. The robustness of this technique, tested for the first time on this plant science problem, is established with root/soil presenting a very low contrast in X-ray tomography. We also demonstrate the possibility to segment efficiently root from soil while learning on purely synthetic soil and root.

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