scholarly journals Interleukin-17 induced by cumulative mild stress promoted depression-like behaviors in young adult mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinho Kim ◽  
Yoo-Hun Suh ◽  
Keun-A Chang
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Adult Depression

AbstractThe number of young adult patients with major depression, one of the most common mental disorders, is gradually increasing in modern society. Stressful experiences in early life are considered one of the risk factors for chronic depressive symptoms, along with an abnormal inflammatory response in later life. Although increased inflammatory activity has been identified in patients with depression, the cause of long-lasting depressive states is still unclear. To identify the effects of cumulative mild stress in brain development periods, we generated a young adult depression mouse model exposed to cumulative mild stress (CPMS; cumulative mild prenatal stress, mild maternal separation, and mild social defeat) to mimic early life adversities. CPMS mice exhibited more long-lasting anxiety and depression-like behaviors than groups exposed to single or double combinations of mild stress in young adult age. Using the molecular works, we found that inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-17, upregulated microglial activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex of CPMS mice. In the brains of CPMS mice, we also identified changes in the T helper (Th)-17 cell population as well as differentiation. Finally, anti-IL-17 treatment rescued anxiety and depression-like behavior in CPMS mice. In conclusion, we found that cumulative mild stress promoted long-lasting depressive symptoms in CPMS mice through the upregulation of IL-17. We suggest that the CPMS model may be useful to study young adult depression and expect that IL-17 may be an important therapeutic target for depression in young adults.

scholarly journals DON’T WORRY, BE HAPPY NOW, PET OWNERS: THE RELATION BETWEEN PET OWNERSHIP AND ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN LATE LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S165-S165
Author(s):  
Courtney J Bolstad ◽  
Carolyn E Adams-Price ◽  
Michael R Nadorff
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Pets can provide older adults a means of social support, which can combat problems faced in later life including loneliness, anxiety, and depression. However, current research findings in this area are mixed. The current study explored the differences in anxiety and depression between pet owners and non-pet owners and how pet ownership was associated with these symptoms after accounting for other established correlates. We hypothesized pet owners would endorse fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression than non-pet owners and owning a pet would be associated with these symptoms even after accounting for other common correlates. Participants included 608 older adults aged 70 to 95 that were included in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging. As hypothesized, results indicated that pet owners endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression than non-pet owners. Hierarchical regressions indicated that owning a pet explained a significant amount of variance in anxiety symptoms even after controlling for depression, self-reported health, and demographics. However, owning a pet did not have a significant association with depressive symptoms after accounting for anxiety, self-reported health, and demographics. These results suggest that lower rates of anxiety and depression are related to owning a pet and that pet ownership is associated with fewer anxiety symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, independent of several established correlates of anxiety. Future research is needed to determine the specific mechanisms of pet ownership that comprise this relationship as well as whether pet ownership may longitudinally reduce or buffer against anxiety in late life.

scholarly journals Family Poverty Over the Early Life Course and Recurrent Adolescent and Young Adult Anxiety and Depression: A Longitudinal Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 1719-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake M. Najman ◽  
Mohammad R. Hayatbakhsh ◽  
Alexandra Clavarino ◽  
William Bor ◽  
Michael J. O'Callaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Anxiety And Depression

scholarly journals Trajectories of Mother-Infant Communication: An Experiential Measure of the Impacts of Early Life Adversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Granata ◽  
Alissa Valentine ◽  
Jason L. Hirsch ◽  
Jennifer Honeycutt ◽  
Heather Brenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Early Life Adversity

Caretaking stability in the early life environment supports neurobehavioral development, while instability and neglect constitute adverse environments that can alter maturational processes. Research in humans suggests that different types of early life adversity (ELA) can have differential effects on caretaker relationships and later cognitive and social development; however, identifying mechanistic underpinnings will require animal models with translational validity. Two common rodent models, maternal separation (MS) and limited bedding (LB), influence the mother-infant relationship during a critical window of development. We hypothesized that these paradigms may affect the development of communication strategies on the part of the pup. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are a care-eliciting mechanism and ethologically relevant response to stressors in the rat pup. USV emission rates and acoustic parameters change throughout early development, presenting the opportunity to define developmental milestones in USVs that would reflect neurobehavioral aberrations if disrupted. This study investigated the effects of MS or LB on the dam-pup relationship by quantifying pup USVs, maternal behavior, and the relationship between the two. First, we used a generalized additive model approach to establish typical developmental trajectories of USV acoustic properties and determine windows of change in MS or LB rearing. Additionally, we quantified maternal behaviors and the predictability of maternal care sequences using an entropy rate calculation. MS and LB each shifted the developmental trajectories of USV acoustic parameters and call types in a sex-specific manner. MS more often impacted male USVs, while LB impacted female USVs. MS dams spent more time passive nursing, and LB dams spent more time on the nest. The predictability of maternal care was associated with the rate of USV emissions exclusively in females. Taken together, findings demonstrate sex- and model-specific effects of rearing environments on a novel developmental trajectory involving the mother-infant relationship, facilitating the translation of animal ELA paradigms to assess later-life consequences.

scholarly journals Early-life stress and inflammation: A systematic review of a key experimental approach in rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239821282097804
Author(s):  
Ethan G. Dutcher ◽  
E.A. Claudia Pama ◽  
Mary-Ellen Lynall ◽  
Shahid Khan ◽  
Menna R. Clatworthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

Repeated maternal separation is the most widely used pre-clinical approach to investigate the relationship between early-life chronic stress and its neuropsychiatric and physical consequences. In this systematic review, we identified 46 studies that conducted repeated maternal separation or single-episode maternal separation and reported measurements of interleukin-1b, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, or microglia activation and density. We report that in the short-term and in the context of later-life stress, repeated maternal separation has pro-inflammatory immune consequences in diverse tissues. Repeated maternal separation animals exhibit greater microglial activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling in key brain regions implicated in human psychiatric disorders. Notably, repeated maternal separation generally has no long-term effect on cytokine expression in any tissue in the absence of later-life stress. These observations suggest that the elevated inflammatory signalling that has been reported in humans with a history of early-life stress may be the joint consequence of ongoing stressor exposure together with potentiated neural and/or immune responsiveness to stressors. Finally, our findings provide detailed guidance for future studies interrogating the causal roles of early-life stress and inflammation in disorders such as major depression.

Developmental effects of early-life stress on dopamine D2 receptor and proteins involved in noncanonical D2 dopamine receptor signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex of male rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mahmoodkhani ◽  
Maedeh Ghasemi ◽  
Leila Derafshpour ◽  
Mohammad Amini ◽  
Nasrin Mehranfard
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Gsk 3Β

Abstract Objectives Dopamine neurotransmission is implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, most strikingly in Parkinson’s disease, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia. In addition to canonical pathway, D2-receptor (D2R) exerts some of its biological actions through regulating the activity of Akt and GSK3, which in turn were found to be altered in several psychiatric illnesses. The present study examined the impacts of maternal separation, an early-life stress model which has been associated with disturbed neurodevelopment and appearance of many psychiatric disorders, on developmental changes in dopamine concentration and the expression of D2Rs, Akt and GSK-3β in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC; a key target of stress) in adolescent and young adult male rats. Methods Maternal separation was performed 3 h per day from postnatal days 2 to 11. The PFC protein and dopamine contents were determined using western blotting analysis and Eliza, respectively. Results Results indicated long-term increases in the prefrontal dopamine levels in stressed adolescent and young adult male rats, accompanied by significant downregulation of D2R as well as upregulation of p-Akt and GSK-3β contents in stressed adolescence compared to controls, with all protein levels that returned to control values in stressed adult rats. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early-life stress differentially modulates prefrontal D2R/Akt/GSK-3β levels during development. Since adolescence period is susceptible to the onset of specific mental illnesses, disruption of noncanonical components of D2R signaling during this critical period may have an important role in programming neurobehavioral phenotypes in adulthood and manipulations influencing Akt/GSK-3β pathway may improve the expression of specific dopamine-related behaviors and the effects of dopaminergic drugs.

Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 reduced early-life stress abnormalities in maternal separation mouse model

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Liao ◽  
C.C. Hsu ◽  
G.T. Chou ◽  
J.S. Hsu ◽  
M.T. Liong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Lactobacillus Paracasei ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Psychological Traits

Maternal separation (MS) has been developed as a model for inducing stress and depression in studies using rodents. The concept of the gut-brain axis suggests that gut health is essential for brain health. Here, we present the effects of administration of a probiotic, Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), to MS mice against psychological traits including anxiety and depression. The administration of live and heat-killed PS23 cells showed positive behavioural effects on MS animals, where exploratory tendencies and mobility were increased in behavioural tests, indicating reduced anxiety and depression compared to the negative control mice (P<0.05). Mice administered with both live and heat-killed PS23 cells also showed lower serum corticosterone levels accompanied by higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, compared to MS separated mice (P<0.05), indicating a stress-elicited response affiliated with increased immunomodulatory properties. Assessment of neurotransmitters in the brain hippocampal region revealed that PS23 affected the concentrations of dopaminergic metabolites differently than the control, suggesting that PS23 may have improved MS-induced stress levels via neurotransmitter pathways, such as dopamine or other mechanisms not addressed in the current study. Our study illustrates the potential of a probiotic in reversing abnormalities induced by early life stress and could be an alternative for brain health along the gut-brain axis.

scholarly journals Co-occurrence of anxiety and depression amongst older adults in low- and middle-income countries: findings from the 10/66 study

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2047-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Prina ◽  
C. P. Ferri ◽  
M. Guerra ◽  
C. Brayne ◽  
M. Prince
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Later Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Computer Assisted

BackgroundThere is relative little information about the prevalence and risk factors of co-morbid anxiety and depression in later life. These disorders are often associated with worse response to treatment than either condition alone, and researching their epidemiology in diverse settings is vital to policy makers. We therefore investigated the co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive syndromes amongst older adults living in developing countries and measured the separate and joint effect of these two disorders on levels of associated disability.MethodThe 10/66 study carried out cross-cultural surveys of all residents aged 65 years or over (n=15021) in 11 sites in seven countries (People's Republic of China, India, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Mexico and Peru). Anxiety was measured by using the Geriatric Mental State Examination and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy diagnostic system. Depression was assessed according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) and EURO-D criteria. Disability was measured by using the World Health Organization's Disablement Assessment Scale Version II. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to investigate the association of common mental disorders and disability.ResultsThe prevalence of co-occurring anxiety and depression (with the exclusion of subthreshold disorders) ranged between 0.9% and 4.2% across sites. Gender, socio-economic status, urbanicity and physical co-morbidities were associated with the different co-morbid states. Having both disorders was linked to higher disability scores than having anxiety or depression alone.ConclusionsGiven the close association of co-morbid anxiety and depression with disability, new policies to improve prevention, recognition and treatment will be needed to adapt to ageing populations and their mental health needs.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Improves Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Adult Rat with Neonatal Maternal Separation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Guo ◽  
Ximin Liang ◽  
Zhanmou Liang ◽  
Xilin Liu ◽  
Jiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Schaffer Collateral ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Neonatal Maternal Separation

Exposure to adverse early-life events is thought to be the risk factors for the development of psychiatric and altered cognitive function in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) treatment in young adult rat would improve impaired cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in adult rat with neonatal maternal separation (MS). Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, MS group, MS with EA treatment (MS + EA) group, and MS with Sham-EA treatment (MS + Sham-EA) group. We evaluated the cognitive function by using Morris water maze and fear conditioning tests. Electrophysiology experiment used in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 synapses was detected to assess extent of synaptic plasticity. Repeated EA stimulation at Baihui (GV 20) and Yintang (GV 29) during postnatal 9 to 11 weeks was identified to significantly ameliorate poor performance in behavior tests and improve the impaired LTP induction detected at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 synapse in hippocampus. Collectively, the findings suggested that early-life stress due to MS may induce adult cognitive deficit associated with hippocampus, and EA in young adult demonstrated that its therapeutic efficacy may be via ameliorating deficit of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

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