scholarly journals Delivery strategies of cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and future perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Zhao ◽  
Liyun Zheng ◽  
Weiqian Chen ◽  
Wei Weng ◽  
Jingjing Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Vascular Leak Syndrome ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapeutic ◽  
Target Effects

AbstractImmunotherapy has become an emerging strategy for the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapeutic drugs have been increasing for clinical treatment. Despite significant advances in immunotherapy, the clinical application of immunotherapy for cancer patients has some challenges associated with safety and efficacy, including autoimmune reactions, cytokine release syndrome, and vascular leak syndrome. Novel strategies, particularly improved delivery strategies, including nanoparticles, scaffolds, and hydrogels, are able to effectively target tumors and/or immune cells of interest, increase the accumulation of immunotherapies within the lesion, and reduce off-target effects. Here, we briefly describe five major types of cancer immunotherapy, including their clinical status, strengths, and weaknesses. Then, we introduce novel delivery strategies, such as nanoparticle-based delivery of immunotherapy, implantable scaffolds, injectable biomaterials for immunotherapy, and matrix-binding molecular conjugates, which can improve the efficacy and safety of immunotherapies. Also, the limitations of novel delivery strategies and challenges of clinical translation are discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of Tocilizumab on Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19-Associated Cytokine Release Syndrome: A Single-Center Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 089719002110282
Author(s):  
Karan Raja ◽  
Nicole Daniel ◽  
Susan Morrison ◽  
Ruben Patel ◽  
Jessica Gerges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Impact

Background: Tocilizumab is an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist hypothesized to blunt the uncontrolled immune response, cytokine release syndrome, in severe COVID-19 and prevent attributable morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes in COVID-19-associated cytokine release syndrome. Methods: Single-center, retrospective cohort study assessing sixty-nine adult patients receiving tocilizumab for suspected COVID-19 cytokine release syndrome. The primary outcome was change in WHO clinical status scale on day seven post-dose analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Secondary outcomes assessed impact of timing of administration on clinical outcome. Safety analyses included development of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, transaminitis, and sepsis within 7 days post-dose. Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel. Results: No aggregate clinical change was found between day 0 and day 7. Eleven patients improved, twenty-seven worsened, and thirty-one showed no change. Clinical outcomes were weakly correlated with time from symptom onset (rs = 0.21; p = 0.08) or hospital admission (rs = -0.08; p = 0.49) to dose. In-hospital mortality was 63%. Sepsis was diagnosed in 21 patients, five of which were post-dose. Transaminitis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia occurred in seven, one, and six patients, respectively. Conclusion: Tocilizumab did not appear to influence clinical outcomes in our study population, irrespective of timing of administration. Adverse events were not considered drug-related.

scholarly journals Implantable and Injectable Biomaterial Scaffolds for Cancer Immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Yiqian Luo ◽  
Baoqin Li ◽  
Yuanliang Xia ◽  
Hengyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Biomaterial Scaffolds ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

Cancer immunotherapy has become an emerging strategy recently producing durable immune responses in patients with varieties of malignant tumors. However, the main limitation for the broad application of immunotherapies still to reduce side effects by controlling and regulating the immune system. In order to improve both efficacy and safety, biomaterials have been applied to immunotherapies for the specific modulation of immune cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recently, researchers have constantly developed biomaterials with new structures, properties and functions. This review provides the most recent advances in the delivery strategies of immunotherapies based on localized biomaterials, focusing on the implantable and injectable biomaterial scaffolds. Finally, the challenges and prospects of applying implantable and injectable biomaterial scaffolds in the development of future cancer immunotherapies are discussed.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of early treatment with sarilumab in hospitalised adults with COVID-19 presenting cytokine release syndrome (SARICOR STUDY): protocol of a phase II, open-label, randomised, multicentre, controlled clinical trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e039951
Author(s):  
Rafael León López ◽  
Sheila Cárcel Fernández ◽  
Laura Limia Pérez ◽  
Alberto Romero Palacios ◽  
María Concepción Fernández-Roldán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Early Administration ◽  
Hospitalised Patients

IntroductionAbout 25% of patients with COVID-19 develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with a high release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). The aim of the SARICOR study is to demonstrate that early administration of sarilumab (an IL-6 receptor inhibitor) in hospitalised patients with COVID-19, pulmonary infiltrates and a high IL-6 or D-dimer serum level could reduce the progression of ARDS requiring high-flow nasal oxygen or mechanical ventilation (non-invasive or invasive).Methods and analysisPhase II, open-label, randomised, multicentre, controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy and safety of the administration of two doses of sarilumab (200 and 400 mg) plus best available therapy (BAT) in hospitalised adults with COVID-19 presenting cytokine release syndrome. This strategy will be compared with a BAT control group. The efficacy and safety will be monitored up to 28 days postadministration. A total of 120 patients will be recruited (40 patients in each arm).Ethics and disseminationThe clinical trial has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the coordinating centre and authorised by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Products. If the hypothesis is verified, the dissemination of the results could change clinical practice by increasing early administration of sarilumab in adult patients with COVID-19 presenting cytokine release syndrome, thus reducing intensive care unit admissions.Trial registration numberNCT04357860.

Tumor immune microenvironment modulation-based drug delivery strategies for cancer immunotherapy

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyan Han ◽  
Keqing Huang ◽  
Zhipeng Gu ◽  
Jun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Time Modulation ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapeutic

This review highlight the TIME modulation with systematically summarized advances of cancer immunotherapeutic drug delivery strategies for effective cancer immunotherapy.

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