Computing tight upper bounds for Bhattacharyya parameters of binary polar code kernels with arbitrary dimension

AbstractMulti-kernel polar codes have recently received considerable attention since they can provide more flexible code lengths than do the original ones. The construction process of them can be simplified by obtaining the Bhattacharyya parameter bounds of the kernels employed. However, there has been currently no generic method for seeking such bounds. In this paper, therefore, we focus on the upper Bhattacharyya parameter bounds of the standard binary polar code kernels with an arbitrary dimension of $$l\ge 2$$ l ≥ 2 . A calculation process composing of four steps, the common column binary tree construction for the channel inputs, the common factor extraction, the calculation feasibility testing, and the upper bound calculation based on pattern matching, is formulated with a computational complexity of $$O(2^l)$$ O ( 2 l ) . It is theoretically proved that the upper bounds obtained by the proposed method are tight, which can lay the foundation to compare the reliability of the synthesized channels in polar codes.

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Underlying Common Factors of Adolescent Problem Behaviors

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854802029002003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 161-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Lening Zhang ◽

John W. Welte ◽

William F. Wieczorek

Keyword(s):

Problem Behaviors ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Factor Model ◽

Common Factor ◽

Measurement Model ◽

First Order ◽

Adolescent Problem Behaviors ◽

The Common ◽

Order Factor ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

The Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men was used to address the possibility of a common factor underlying adolescent problem behaviors. First, a measurement model with a single first-order factor was compared to a model with three separate correlated first-order factors. The three-factor model was better supported, making it logical to conduct a second-order factor analysis, which confirmed the logic. Second, a substantive model was estimated in each of two waves with psychopathic state as the common factor predicting drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Psychopathic state was stable across waves. The theory that a single latent variable accounts for large covariance among adolescent problem behaviors was supported.

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Studies on the Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Chorella Vulgaris by 3D-QSAR Using CoMFA and CoMSIA Methods

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3574 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3574-3579

Author(s):

Cui Hua Wang ◽

Sheng Long Yang ◽

Chao Lu ◽

Hong Xia Yu ◽

Lian Shen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Benzene Ring ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Common Factor ◽

3D Qsar ◽

The Other ◽

Contour Maps ◽

Substituent Group ◽

Donor And Acceptor ◽

The Common ◽

Insight Into

By using CoMFA and CoMSIA methods, the new quantitative structures of 25 aromatic hydrocarbons and the 96 hr-EC50 data with C. vulgaris have been investigated to obtain more detailed insight into the relationships between molecular structure and bioactivity. Compared to CoMFA (the average Q2LOO option =0.610), CoMSIA (the average Q2LOO =0.736) has the better results with robustness and stability. CoMSIA analysis using steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and H-bond donor and acceptor descriptors show H-bond donor is the common factor for influencing the toxicity, the steric and electrostatic descriptors are next and the hydrophobic descriptor was last. From the contour maps, the number of benzene ring is more crucial for the compound toxicity and the compounds with more benzene ring make toxicity increased. Under the same number of benzene ring, the kind of substituent group and the formed ability of H-bond are the other parameters to influencing the aromatic hydrocarbons toxicity.

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Can the Common-Factor Hypothesis Explain the Observed Housing Wealth Effect?

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2708105 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Narayan Bulusu ◽

Jefferson Duarte ◽

Carles Vergara-Alert

Keyword(s):

Common Factor ◽

Wealth Effect ◽

Housing Wealth ◽

The Common ◽

Housing Wealth Effect

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Dimensions of Jewish-American Identity

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1973.33.3.891 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 891-900 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Itai Zak

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Test Scores ◽

Common Factor ◽

The United States ◽

American Identity ◽

Jewish American ◽

Cast Doubt ◽

The Common ◽

High Degree

The main problem posed in this study is: What are the content and structure of Jewish and American identity? The Jewish-American Identity Scale, which was adapted and refined for this study, was administered in 1971 to four samples, totaling 1006 Jewish-American college students from various parts of the United States. Initially, factor analysis was applied to the separate samples. Intersample comparisons of factor structures indicated a high degree of congruency; consequently, the samples were combined for subsequent analyses. Factor analysis of the test scores demonstrated that most of the common factor variance was appropriated by two relatively orthogonal factors. Items dealing with American identity and those dealing with Jewish identity had medium to high loadings on the two respective factors. These findings supported the hypothesis of the duality and the orthogonality of dimensions of Jewish and American identity, and cast doubt on the notion forwarded by some researchers that Jewish-American identity forms a bipolar continuum.

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When Bilingualism is the Common Factor: Switch Reference at the Junction of Competence and Performance in Both Second Language and Heritage Language Performance

Journal of Language Contact ◽

10.1163/19552629-01103008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 590-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tiffany Judy ◽

Michael T. Putnam ◽

Jason Rothman

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Adult Learners ◽

Heritage Language ◽

Common Factor ◽

Language Performance ◽

Subject Pronouns ◽

Different Populations ◽

The Common ◽

And Performance ◽

Heritage Language Speakers

In this paper we take a closer look at the oft-touted divide between heritage language speakers and adult second language (L2) learners. Here, we explore whether some properties of language may display general effects across different populations of bilinguals, explaining, at least partially, why these two groups show some common differences when compared with monolinguals. To test this hypothesis, we adduce data from two unique populations of bilinguals: a moribund variety of heritage German spoken in southwestern Kansas (Moundridge Schweitzer German) and L2 adult learners of Spanish. Empirically, we investigate whether the confound of switch reference adds an additional cognitive burden to these bilinguals in licensing object control predicates in the former and referential subject pronouns in the latter. Our preliminary findings support the view that overarching concepts such as incomplete acquisition cannot capture the variability observed in these populations, thus further supporting approaches that interpret findings such as these to be the result of specific variables.

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A note on the implications of factorial invariance for common factor variable equivalence

10.31234/osf.io/qauct ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Maraun ◽

Moritz Heene

Keyword(s):

Common Factor ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Factorial Invariance ◽

Technical Examination ◽

The Common ◽

Factor Variable

There has come to exist within the psychometric literature a generalized belief to the effect that a determination of the level of factorial invariance that holds over a set of k populations Δj, j = 1..s, is central to ascertaining whether or not the common factor random variables ξj, j = 1..s, are equivalent. In the current manuscript, a technical examination of this belief is undertaken. The chief conclusion of the work is that, as long as technical, statistical senses of random variable equivalence are adhered to, the belief is unfounded.

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Improved Pilot Selection for Channel Estimation of Polar Codes in Wireless 5G

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.b9080.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 4978-4983

Keyword(s):

Channel Estimation ◽

Fading Channels ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Mimo System ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Polar Codes ◽

Selection Scheme ◽

Polar Code ◽

Pilot Selection

Fading channels learning about polar codes is great prominence. Knowledge of polar codes is very important while they are applied to the wireless communication systems. In fading Channels the communication through channel estimation which is an essential step for communication. The structure is constructed by a set of information bits for both systematic polar code and non-systematic polar code and the information set recognized frozen bits. In fading channels uneven pilot selection scheme and even pilot selection scheme are two pilot selection schemes are considered for polar codes. There is an improvement in decoding performance of polar codes using these selection schemes. In this choosing of coded symbols treated as pilots is a replacement of insertion of pilots. Polar codes have poor performance in fixed domain. So the EPS selection scheme can be active for tracing or channel estimation. The structure of polar code encoding is acapable structure and pilot selection is grave since whole selections cannot use the existing structure again. By conjoining the above advantages, pilot signals are selected without any addition from outside and insertion of pilot symbols impartial to estimation of the channel. Leveraging this, the DM-BS scheme is applyto multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system in frequency selective fading channel.

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How Interdependence Explains the World of Teamwork

10.1007/978-3-030-89385-9_8 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 122-146

Author(s):

Matthew Johnson ◽

Jeffrey M. Bradshaw

Keyword(s):

Common Factor ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Coherent System ◽

Basic Principles ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Machine Systems ◽

Moving Parts

AbstractCurrent attempts to understand human-machine systems are complex and unwieldy. Multiple disciplines throw different concepts and constructs at the problem, but there is no agreed-to framework to assemble these interrelated moving parts into a coherent system. We propose interdependence as the common factor that unifies and explains these moving parts and undergirds the different terms people use to talk about them. In this chapter, we will describe a sound and practical theoretical framework based on interdependence that enables researchers to predict and explain experimental results in terms of interlocking relationships among well-defined operational principles. Our exposition is not intended to be exhaustive, but instead aims to describe the basic principles in a way that allows the gist to be grasped by a broad cross-disciplinary audience through simple illustrations.

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