scholarly journals Caregivers: the potential infection resources for the sustaining epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina in Guangdong, China?

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jundi Liu ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Peipei Hu ◽  
Lin Gan ◽  
Qimin Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Final Multivariable Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Abstract Background Although several measures have been taken to control hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), these two diseases have been prevalent in China for 10 years with high incidence. We suspected that adults’ inapparent infection might be the cause of the continued prevalence of HFMD/HA infection in mainland China. Methods To explore the role of adults (especially caregivers) in the transmission process of HFMD/HA among children, 330 HFMD/HA cases and 330 healthy children (controls) were selected for a case–control study. Then, data were analyzed by logistic regression. Results Single-variable analyses revealed that caregivers who tested positive for enterovirus was a significant risk factor of HFMD/HA transmission to children (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 9.22; 95% CI, 1.16 to 73.23). In the final multivariable model, caregiver behavior, such as cooling children’s food with mouth (OR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.08) and feeding children with their own tableware (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.07 to 4.45), significantly increased the risk of transmitting HFMD/HA to children. On the contrary, washing hands before feeding children reduced such risk. Conclusions These results implied that the caregivers might be the infectious source or carriers of enterovirus. Therefore, preventing or treating the caregivers’ enterovirus infection and improving their hygiene habits, especially when they are in contact with children, could provide a breakthrough for the effective control of HFMD/HA.

Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Haoran ◽  
Xiao Jianhua ◽  
Ouyang Maolin ◽  
Gao Hongyan ◽  
Bie Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. As a transboundary animal disease, the prevention and control of FMD are important. This study was based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess FMD risk areas in mainland China. Ten risk factors were identified for constructing risk maps by scoring, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the criteria weights of all factors. Different risk factors had different units and attributes, and fuzzy membership was used to standardize the risk factors. The weighted linear combination (WLC) and one-at-a-time (OAT) were used to obtain risk and uncertainty maps as well as to perform sensitivity analysis. Results Four major risk areas were identified in mainland China, including western (Xinjiang and Tibet), southern (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong), northern (Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia), and eastern (Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong). We found spring as the main season for FMD outbreaks. Risk areas were associated with the distance to previous outbreak points, grazing areas and cattle density. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk map had good predictive power (AUC = 0.8532). Conclusions These results can be used to delineate FMD risk areas in mainland China, and provinces can adopt the targeted preventive measures and control strategies.

scholarly journals Cell culture propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus: adaptive amino acid substitutions in structural proteins and their functional implications

Virus Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Dill ◽  
Michael Eschbaumer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Field Isolate ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Adaptive Mutations ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease is endemic in livestock in large parts of Africa and Asia, where it is an important driver of food insecurity and a major obstacle to agricultural development and the international trade in animal products. Virtually all commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-virus vaccines produced in cell culture, but the adaptation of a field isolate of the virus to growth in culture is laborious and time-consuming. This is of particular concern for the development of vaccines to newly emerging virus lineages, where long lead times from virus isolate to vaccine can delay the implementation of effective control programs. High antigen yields in production cells are also necessary to make vaccines affordable for less developed countries in endemic areas. Therefore, a rational approach to cell culture adaptation that combines prior knowledge of common adaptive mutations and reverse genetics techniques is urgently required. This review provides an overview of amino acid exchanges in the viral capsid proteins in the context of adaptation to cell culture.

scholarly journals The role of African buffalo in the epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease in sympatric cattle and buffalo populations in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Omondi ◽  
Francis Gakuya ◽  
Jonathan Arzt ◽  
Abraham Sangula ◽  
Ethan Hartwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Modeling the role of carrier and mobile herds on foot-and-mouth disease virus endemicity in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Epidemics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 100355
Author(s):  
Patrick M Schnell ◽  
Yibo Shao ◽  
Laura W Pomeroy ◽  
Joseph H Tien ◽  
Mark Moritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Far North ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunying Mao ◽  
Yiping Wang ◽  
Zhenglun Liang
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China–Authors' reply

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel M Leung ◽  
Weijia Xing ◽  
Joseph T Wu ◽  
Hongjie Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Increased Frequency of Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells in Children with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Enterovirus 71 Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Wu ◽  
David Cui ◽  
Xianzhi Yang ◽  
Jianzhou Lou ◽  
Jie Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Ev71 Infection ◽  
Tfh Cells ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The role of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in EV71-infected children remains unclear in regulating humoral immunity. The frequency of circulating ICOShigh/PD-1highCXCR5+CD4+TFH cells in the children with mild and severe EV71 infection and healthy controls (HC) was detected by flow cytometry, respectively. IL-21 and IL-6 mRNA expression and their serum levels, Bcl-6 mRNA expression, and specific neutralizing antibodies against EV71 (NAb-EV71) were measured. In the acute stage of patients with EV71 infection, increased frequencies of circulating TFH cells with ICOShighand PD-1highexpression in the mild and severe patients were observed, and the positive correlations among the frequencies of circulating TFH cells and the serum levels of IL-21, IL-6, and NAb-EV71 titres were detected, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-21 mRNA in PBMCs from patients were also significantly higher than those of HC. However, further analysis did not reveal any significant differences between mild and severe patients. These data indicate a role of TFH cells and associated cytokines in modulating the humoral response during the pathogenesis of EV71 infection.

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