scholarly journals Scaled-up ethyl formate fumigation to replace methyl bromide on traded mushroom to disinfest mushroom fly (Lycoriella mali)

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae hyung Kwon ◽  
Dong bin Kim ◽  
Kyung won Kim ◽  
Min goo Park ◽  
Gwang hyun Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Tricholoma Matsutake ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
Lycoriella Mali

AbstractMushroom fly, Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae), is the primary pest in imported mushrooms. The amount of Tricholoma matsutake imported from China increases every fall when it is harvested. When importing T. matsutake, disinfestation using methyl bromide (MB) or phosphine (PH3) is performed to prevent the introduction of L. mali. However, MB will be phased out due to ozone-depletion, chronic toxicity to workers, and residual issues. PH3 fumigation in mushroom disinfestation requires a long exposure time (24 h). In this study, we used ethyl formate (EF), which can replace MB and reduce exposure time. The efficacy of EF, PH3 and EF + PH3 on L. mali was evaluated. Using 4-h EF fumigation at 5 °C, the 3rd and 4th instar was the most tolerant stage in terms of 99% killed lethal concentration × time products (LCt99%). When 4-h EF fumigation at 5 °C was applied on all stages of L. mali, the LCt99% values of EF were 73.1 g h/m3 to the 1st and 2nd instar, 112.9 g h/m3 to the 3rd and 4th instar, 68.9 g h/m3 to pupae, and 20.1 g h/m3 to adult. It was confirmed that combination treatment with EF + PH3 had a synergistic effect on L. mali. The LCt99% of EF + 0.5 g/m3 of PH3 to the 3rd and 4th instar was 48.3 g h/m3. When only 140 g/m3 of EF was applied for 4 h at > 5 °C and 35 g/m3 of EF + 0.5 g/m3 of PH3 for 4 h at > 5 °C in commercial trials containing T. matsutake, proven efficacy (100%) on L. mali was confirmed. In the case of EF treatment only, phytotoxic damage occurred due to high Ct products, and there was no phytotoxic damage in combination treatment with EF + PH3. This study provides a new guideline for EF + PH3 combination treatment within a shorter exposure time (4 h) than existing PH3 treatment (24 h) and replacement of MB use.

scholarly journals Methyl bromide fumigation versus other ways to prevent the spread of mushroom virus disease.

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
A. Dieleman-van Zaayen
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Live Steam ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Sodium Pentachlorophenate ◽  
Subsequent Crop

The treatments comprised methyl bromide (MB) fumigation v. 2% sodium pentachlorophenate (SPCP) treatment of wooden trays in which virus-infected mushrooms had been grown; MB v. formaldehyde fumigation of healthy and virus-infected spores and mycelium; and MB fumigation of compost permeated with virus-infected mushroom mycelium. MB fumigation of the trays did not eradicate virus in the subsequent crop, whereas SPCP treatment eliminated infection. Germination by diseased spores was almost completely inhibited by MB at low concentration time products and the growth of healthy spores was greatly retarded. Mycelium was not killed by MB but growth was retarded, as was that of mycelium from fumigated spawn. Formaldehyde treatment for 24 h killed spores and mycelium. MB fumigation of compost was ineffective. Thus MB fumigation cannot replace the traditional method of cooking-out mushroom houses with live steam, followed by treatment of the wood with SPCP. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Comparison of the Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine and Ethyl Formate for Controlling Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Pseudococcus orchidicola on Imported Foliage Nursery Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2149-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Kyung ◽  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Sung Woo Cho ◽  
Bong-Su Kim ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Sorption Rate ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Nursery Plant ◽  
Schefflera Arboricola

Abstract The fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) and their phytotoxicity to 13 imported foliage nursery plant species were evaluated. The lethal concentration and time (LCT99) values of the PH3 indicated that the susceptibility of the nymphs (3.95 and <0.45 mg·h/liter, respectively) was higher than that of the adults (5.29 and 3.66 mg·h/liter, respectively) of two mealybugs [Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and P. orchidicola Takahashi]. The highest concentration reduction rate of PH3 and EF on the 13 foliage nursery plants in the 12-liter desiccator was 41.5% for Heteropanax fragrans and 71.7% for Schefflera arboricola, respectively, which indicates that PH3 has a lower sorption rate than EF. The phytotoxicities of PH3-treated foliage nursery plants did not significantly differ from those of the nontreated plants, but EF caused phytotoxicity in 11 foliage nursery plants a week after treatment. When the exposure time of PH3 increased to 24 h, the adults and nymphs of both mealybug species showed 100% mortality in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. In the 10 m3 fumigation container used in the field, there was 100% mortality of both mealybugs after treatment with 2 g/m3 PH3 for 24 h at 16°C. These results indicate that EF is not a suitable mealybug fumigant due to its high sorption and phytotoxicity to foliage nursery plants, despite fumigation activity against the two species. However, PH3 seems to be suitable for mealybug fumigation in foliage nursery plants and can be used as a substitute for methyl bromide.

Variation in tolerance of seven species of stored product Coleoptera to methyl bromide and phosphine in strains from twenty-nine countries

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara D. Hole
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Large Populations

AbstractThe toxicities at 25°C and 70% RH of methyl bromide at about 4 mg/litre and phosphine at about 0·24 mg/litre were determined for large populations, including all developmental stages, of a number of strains of seven species of stored product beetles from 29 countries for a range of exposure periods. The species tested were Oryzaephilus surmamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryzae (L.), S. zeamais Motsch., Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) and T. confusum Duv. With both fumigants, some individuals of certain strains of S. oryzae and T. castaneum survived a concentration × time product twice that sufficient to kill every individual of other strains of these species, and this was also true for R. dominica with methyl bromide and T. confusum with phosphine. With methyl bromide, some individuals of six species survived the longest exposure used. For the two species of Tribolium, this was 48 h, and for the three of Sitophilus and R. dominica it was 32 h. With phosphine, individuals in many strains of S. granarius, S. oryzae and S. zeamais survived for 8 days. In several of the species, there was some correlation between the tolerances of immature stages and of adults for both fumigants. Many strains were tolerant to both fumigants.

Two-year oral chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study in rats of diets fumigated with methyl bromide

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mitsumori ◽  
K. Maita ◽  
T. Kosaka ◽  
T. Miyaoka ◽  
Y. Shirasu
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Carcinogenicity Study

scholarly journals Insecticidal Effects of Fumigants (EF, MB, and PH3) towards Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
BongSu Kim ◽  
Ja-Eun Song ◽  
Jeong Sun Park ◽  
YoungJu Park ◽  
Eun-Mi Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Rice Pest ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
First Time

This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effects of ethyl formate (EF), methyl bromide (MB), and phosphine (PH3) fumigants against PH3-susceptible and -resistant strains of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), a major rice pest. The highest lethal concentration time 50 (LCt50) values of the PH3-susceptible strains were 255.797, 21.104, and 6.171 mg h L−1 for EF, MB, and PH3, respectively, at pupal stage. The highest LCt50 values of the PH3-resistant strains were 149.028 and 48.170 mg h L−1 for EF and PH3, respectively, at late larval stage, and 43.520 mg h L−1 for MB at pupal stage. In comparison to the susceptible strains, the PH3-resistant strain collected in South Korea had a resistance level 4 to 56 times higher. Use of the major quarantine fumigants EF, MB, and PH3 indicated the existence of PH3-resistant rice weevils in South Korea for the first time.

scholarly journals The tolerance of tomato potato psyllid life stages to ethyl formate

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Egg Mortality

Methyl bromide fumigation became mandatory for capsicums and truss tomatoes exported to Australia after tomato potato psyllid (TPP) was detected in 2006 in New Zealand Methyl bromide detrimentally affects product quality by increasing rots and the browning of the green stems An alternative being tested is ethyl formate (EF) and carbon dioxide commercially available as VAPORMATEreg; This study examined the tolerances of different life stages of TPP to EF Eggs were considerably more tolerant of EF than adults and nymphs Complete elimination of egg hatch was achieved after a 1h exposure to 119 EF In contrast all nymphs and adults were killed after a 1h exposure to 012 and 006 EF respectively Assessment of egg mortality was altered to better reflect the posthatch treatment effects on nymph survival In a subsequent egg age tolerance trial mean lethal concentrations for 99 mortality ranged from ca 1 EF for young and older eggs to ca 15 EF for midaged eggs

scholarly journals Efficacy of ethyl formate as a disinfestation treatment for codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apples

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Codling moth (CM Cydia pomonella) is a pest of quarantine concern on apple exports to Asian markets Apples exported to Japan must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) and then cold stored Ethyl formate (EF) as an alternative to MB is effective against a range of pests This project investigated the effectiveness of EF to control an internal pest such as CM by determining the responses of key insect stages without fruit and inside apples Trials without fruit in a 2 h fumigation showed that latestage CM eggs and third instar CM larvae were the most tolerant life stages requiring a mean concentration of 134194 EF to achieve 99 mortality but 100 mortality of 4th/5th instar CM larvae Trials with CM in fruit in a 2 h fumigation showed that 113 EF resulted in 534 mortality of 4th/5th CM larvae inside apples Increasing the mean concentration to 24 EF increased the mortality of 4th/5th larvae inside apples to 852

Survival of the Oak Wilt Fungus in Logs Fumigated with Sulfuryl Fluoride and Methyl Bromide

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Anna Yang ◽  
Kendhl Seabright ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Scott W. Myers ◽  
Adam Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Slow Variable ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Schedule ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Sulfuryl Fluoride ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Pathogen Colonization ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation of oak (Quercus sp.) logs destined for export is required to mitigate risks associated with movement of the oak wilt fungus, Bretziella fagacearum. Alternative fumigants with efficacy against B. fagacearum are needed because of MB's ozone-depleting properties. Fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride (SF) is considered a promising substitute. Logs (1.8 m long) were obtained from Quercus trees (18.3 to 29.2 cm diameter at breast height) that were naturally infested (NI) or artificially inoculated (AI) with B. fagacearum to compare pathogen colonization and survival following fumigation with SF and MB. The logs were fumigated with SF for 72 hours with 240, 280, and 320 g/m3 or 96 hours with 128 and 240 g/m3. MB fumigations were conducted using the current treatment schedule for oak logs destined for export (240 g/m3 for 72 h). Frequencies of successful pathogen isolation before treatment were higher for AI logs than for NI logs based on isolation rates from sapwood chips. Treatments greatly reduced frequencies of viable pathogen presence, but no treatment was successful in eradicating the pathogen. Experiments were conducted on blocks (10.2 by 10.2 by 11.4 cm3) obtained from Quercus trees to investigate simulated penetration and diffusion of SF and MB into oak logs. Slow, variable fumigant diffusion never reached concentration–time products lethal to B. fagacearum. Based on these results, reliance on SF alone as a quarantine measure may require higher concentration × time products to achieve quarantine level control of the oak wilt fungus in logs.

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