scholarly journals The value of apprentices in the care sector: the effect of apprenticeship costs on the mobility of graduates from apprenticeship training

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schuss
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Apprenticeship Training ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Quasi Experimental

AbstractThis paper provides evidence on the effect of apprenticeship costs on the decision whether care facilities employ apprenticeship graduates after completing apprenticeship training. To account for the endogeneity in apprenticeship costs, we exploit an exogenous reduction in the apprenticeship costs of care facilities by exploiting the fact that the underlying apprenticeship levy was introduced across the German federal states at different points in time. We find that the redistribution of apprenticeship costs increases the probability of leaving the training facility after completing apprenticeship training by 10 percentage points. Furthermore, we use this quasi-experimental setting to estimate the effect of mobility of graduates on their wages, which hints at a negative relationship in the upper quartile of the wage distribution.

Effectiveness of Penalties for Lockdown Violations During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (12) ◽  
pp. 1844-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Hoon Chae ◽  
Hyung Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependent ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Experimental Difference

Objectives. To investigate whether the imposition of fines can mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Methods. We used quasi-experimental difference-in-difference models. On March 20, 2020, Bavaria introduced fines as high as €25 000 (US $28 186) against citizens in violation of the Bundesland’s (federal state’s) lockdown policy. Its neighboring Bundesländer (federal states), on the other hand, were slow to impose such clear restrictions. By comparing 38 Landkreise (counties) alongside Bavaria’s border from March 15 to May 11 using data from the Robert Koch Institute, we produced for each Landkreis its (1) time-dependent reproduction numbers (Rt) and (2) growth rates in confirmed cases. Results. The demographics of the Landkreise were similar enough to allow for difference-in-difference analyses. Landkreise that introduced fines on March 20 reduced the Rt by a further 0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.46, −0.18; P < .001) and decreased the growth rate in confirmed cases by an additional 6 percentage points (95% CI = −0.11, −0.02; P = .005) compared with the control group. Conclusions. Imposing fines may slow down the spread of COVID-19. Public Health Implications. Lockdowns may work better when governments introduce penalties against those who ignore them.

scholarly journals Impact of Non-smoking Ordinances on Hospitality Revenues: The Case of Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 230 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt ◽  
Wolfgang Maennig
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
The Impact

SummaryNon-smoking ordinances are among the most popular albeit controversial public health-care legislations worldwide. This article provides an empirical assessment of the impact of nonsmoking ordinances on bar and restaurant revenues in German Federal States. By application of a standard panel regression approach and a quasi-experimental research design, we find no compelling evidence for a significant impact of the introduction as well as the weakening of the legislation on revenues of bars and restaurants. Consumption pattern has either not changed at all or any reduction in spending by smokers is compensated for by a corresponding increase by non-smokers. These findings support the German - and similar - non-smoking legislations in the sense that positive externalities resulting from reduced health care cost are likely to outweigh the risk to businesses in the hospitality sector.

EXPRESS: Despite Efficiencies, M&As Reduce Firm Value by Hurting Customer Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224292110242
Author(s):  
Nita Umashankar ◽  
S. Cem Bahadir ◽  
Sundar Bharadwaj
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Firm Efficiency ◽  
Upper Echelons Theory ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Customer Dissatisfaction ◽  
Investor Returns

Most researchers focus on the effect of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on investor returns and overlook customer reactions, despite the fact that customers are directly impacted by these corporate transformations. Others suggest that in M&A contexts, a dual emphasis of customer satisfaction and firm efficiency is both likely and beneficial. In contrast, the authors demonstrate that M&As not only do not yield a dual emphasis but also cause a decline in customer satisfaction to the extent that it eclipses any gain in firm value from an increase in firm efficiency. A quasi-experimental difference-in-differences analysis and an instrumental variable panel regression provide robust evidence for the dark side of M&As for customers. The authors use the attention-based view of the firm to demonstrate that post-M&A customer dissatisfaction occurs because of a shift in executive attention away from customers and toward financial issues. In line with the related upper echelons theory, they find that marketing representation on firms’ board of directors helps maintain executive attention on customers, which mitigates the dysfunctional effect of M&As on customer satisfaction. This research identifies a negative M&A-customer satisfaction relationship and highlights executive attention to customer issues and marketing leadership as factors that mitigate this negative relationship.

Using Virtual Reality–Based Rehabilitation in Sarcopenic Older Adults in Rural Health Care Facilities—A Quasi-Experimental Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Guan-Bo Chen ◽  
Che-Wei Lin ◽  
Hung-Ya Huang ◽  
Yi-Jhen Wu ◽  
Hung-Tzu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Progressive Resistance Training ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Progressive Resistance

Because of a shortage of health care providers, providing rehabilitation in health care facilities is difficult. Virtual reality–based rehabilitation is effective in older populations. There are only a few studies among patients with sarcopenia. This is a quasi-experimental, single-group, pretest–posttest design evaluating the clinical effectiveness of virtual reality–based progressive resistance training among residents aged over 60 years with sarcopenia in rural care facilities. The authors used Oculus Rift with headsets to provide the virtual reality–based progressive resistance training. The authors administered the program twice per week, 30 min per session, for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were dominant handgrip strength, walking speed, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. Data from 30 participants were analyzed. Significant improvements in handgrip strength and walking speed were observed. Although an increasing trend in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was observed, it did not reach statistical significance. The authors concluded that the virtual reality–based progressive resistance training is partially effective in older sarcopenic adults in health care facilities.

scholarly journals Kleinstaaterei im Dienstrecht der deutschen Bundesländer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolai Dose ◽  
Felix Wolfes ◽  
Carolin Burmester
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Human Resource Managers ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
German Federal States

With the federalism reform of 2006, the German federal states gained legislative power over their civil servants. This did not only lead to a substantial difference in pay levels but also to fragmented civil service regulations with different degrees of attractiveness. Requests to move to another state have created various problems in the different areas of the civil service. They are partly caused by the fragmented regulations and partly by an informal agreement between the states. By making use of an online survey among human resource managers in the different areas of public administration and 32 case studies of civil servants who either aspire to move to or have moved to another state, this book systematically identifies and analyses civil servants’ motivations for and hindrances to doing so. In this way, it reveals both obstructive and conducive factors which explain mobility. Moreover, the authors put forward some reform proposals.

scholarly journals Regional differences in reasons for consultation and general practitioners’ spectrum of services in Northern Germany – Results of a cross-sectional observational study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingmar Schäfer ◽  
Heike Hansen ◽  
Thomas Ruppel ◽  
Dagmar Lühmann ◽  
Hans-Otto Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Practice Trial ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Individual Consultation

Abstract Background Among other factors, the patients’ consultation reasons and GPs’ spectrum of services determine the process and outcome of the medical treatment. So far, however, there has been little information on differences in reasons for consultation and GPs’ services between urban and rural areas. Our study’s goal was thus to investigate these factors in relation to the regional location of GPs’ practices. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study based on standardised GP interviews in a quota sampling design. All counties and independent cities within a radius of 120 km around Hamburg were divided into three regional categories (urban area, environs, rural area) and stratified proportionally to the population size. Differences in the number of reasons for consultation and services were analysed by multivariate linear regressions in mixed models adjusted for random effects on the levels of the German federal states and administrative districts. Differences in individual consultation reasons and services were identified by logistic regression via stepwise forward and backward selection. Results Primary care practices in 34 of the 37 selected administrative districts (91.9%) were represented in the dataset. In total, 211 GPs were personally interviewed. On average, GPs saw 344 patients per month with a slightly higher number of patients in rural areas. They reported 59.1 ± 15.4 different reasons for consultation and 30.3 + 3.9 different services. There was no statistically significant regional variation in the number of different consultation reasons, but there was a broader service spectrum by rural GPs (ß=-1.42; 95% confidence interval -2.75/-0.08; p=0.038) which was statistically explained by a higher level of medical training. Additionally, there were differences in the frequency of individual consultation reasons and services between rural and urban areas. Conclusion GPs in rural areas performed more frequently services usually provided by medical specialists in urban areas. This might be caused by a low availability of specialists in rural areas. The association between medical training and service spectrum might imply that GPs compensate the specific needs of their patients by completing advanced medical training before or after setting up a medical practice. Trial registration The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02558322).

scholarly journals Social Distancing Causally Impacts the Spread of SARS-CoV-2: A U.S. Nationwide Event Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Gagnon ◽  
Stephanie Gagnon ◽  
Jessica Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Event Study ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Spontaneous Relaxation ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract We assess the causal impact of a spontaneous relaxation of social distancing practices on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S., while controlling for social mobility and state-imposed social distancing restrictions. Using the quasi-experimental setting created by the U.S. nationwide protests precipitated by George Floyd’s tragic death on May 25, 2020, we document a country-wide increase of over 3·06 cases per day, per 100,000 population, following the onset of the protests (95% CI:2·47–3·65), and a further in-crease of 1·73 cases per day, per 100,000 population, in the counties in which the protests took place (95% CI:0·59–2·87). Relative to the week preceding the onset of the protests, this represents a 61·2% country-wide increase in COVID-19 cases, and a further 34·6% increase in the protest counties. Hence, we conclude that social distancing practices causally impact the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The observed effect cannot be explained by changes in social distancing restrictions and social mobility, and our placebo tests rule out the possibility that this finding is attributable to chance. Our research informs policy makers and provides insights regarding the usefulness of social distancing as an intervention to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

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