scholarly journals Comment on: “Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance”

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Track Cycling

The effects of forward rotation of posture on computer-simulated 4-km track cycling: Implications of Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013.

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Caddy ◽  
William Fitton ◽  
Digby Symons ◽  
Anthony Purnell ◽  
Dan Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Power Profile ◽  
Fixed Power ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forward Integration ◽  
Track Cycling

The aim of this research was to indicate improvements in 4-km cycling performance that may be gained as a function of reduced frontal surface area ( A) when Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013 is contravened. In 10 male cyclists age 26 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, height 180 ± 5 cm and body mass 71 ± 6 kg, entire cycling posture was rotated forward from where the nose of the saddle was 6 cm rearward of the bottom bracket spindle (P6) to 4, 2 and 0 cm (P4, P2 and P0); contravening Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013. Using computerised planimetry, A was estimated and a forward integration model was compiled to simulate 4-km track cycling end time ( T4km) when a fixed power profile was applied. At P2, there was a significant but non-meaningful reduction compared to P6 ( p < 0.05, d < 0.02). There were small but significant reductions in A and T4km between P6 and P0; −0.007 ± 0.004 m2 and −1.40 ± 0.73 s, respectively ( p < 0.001, d = −0.259). There were no significant differences between P4 and P6 for A and T4km. These results suggest that at the most forward position (P0), a small but significant increase in 4-km performance can be expected compared to the legal position (P6). Moreover, the mean difference in T4km between P6 and P0 is greater than the winning margin at the Union Cycliste Internationale 4-km pursuit world championships four times in the previous 10 years.

Real-time track cycling performance prediction using ANFIS system

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-822
Author(s):  
Sukhairi Sudin ◽  
Ali Yeon Md Shakaff ◽  
Ammar Zakaria ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Salleh ◽  
Latifah Munirah Kamarudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Performance Prediction ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Track Cycling

scholarly journals Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish A. Ferguson ◽  
Chris Harnish ◽  
J. Geoffrey Chase
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Power Models ◽  
Sprint Cycling ◽  
Performance Determinants ◽  
Physiological Interventions ◽  
Track Cycling

AbstractCycling performance models are used to study rider and sport characteristics to better understand performance determinants and optimise competition outcomes. Performance requirements cover the demands of competition a cyclist may encounter, whilst rider attributes are physical, technical and psychological characteristics contributing to performance. Several current models of endurance-cycling enhance understanding of performance in road cycling and track endurance, relying on a supply and demand perspective. However, they have yet to be developed for sprint-cycling, with current athlete preparation, instead relying on measures of peak-power, speed and strength to assess performance and guide training. Peak-power models do not adequately explain the demands of actual competition in events over 15-60 s, let alone, in World-Championship sprint cycling events comprising several rounds to medal finals. Whilst there are no descriptive studies of track-sprint cycling events, we present data from physiological interventions using track cycling and repeated sprint exercise research in multiple sports, to elucidate the demands of performance requiring several maximal sprints over a competition. This review will show physiological and power meter data, illustrating the role of all energy pathways in sprint performance. This understanding highlights the need to focus on the capacity required for a given race and over an event, and therefore the recovery needed for each subsequent race, within and between races, and how optimal pacing can be used to enhance performance. We propose a shift in sprint-cyclist preparation away from training just for peak power, to a more comprehensive model of the actual event demands.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach of Modelling and Predicting Track Cycling Sprint Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12098
Author(s):  
Anna Katharina Dunst ◽  
René Grüneberger
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Track Cycling

In cycling, performance models are used to investigate factors that determine performance and to optimise competition results. We present an innovative and easily applicable mathematical model describing time-resolved approaches for both the physical aspects of tractional resistance and the physiological side of propelling force generated by muscular activity and test its validity to reproduce and forecast time trials in track cycling. Six elite track cyclists completed a special preparation and two sprint time trials in an official velodrome under continuous measurement of crank force and cadence. Fatigue-free force-velocity profiles were calculated, and their fatigue-induced changes were determined by non-linear regression analysis using a monoexponential equation at a constant slope. Model parameters were calibrated based on pre-exercise performance testing and the first of the two time-trials and then used to predict the performance of the second sprint. Measured values for power output and cycling velocity were compared to the modelled data. The modelled results were highly correlated to the measured values (R2>0.99) without any difference between runs (p>0.05; d<0.1). Our mathematical model can accurately describe sprint track cycling time trial performance. It is simple enough to be used in practice yet sufficiently accurate to predict highly dynamic maximal sprint performances. It can be employed for the evaluation of completed runs, to forecast expected results with different setups, and to study various contributing factors and quantify their effect on sprint cycling performance.

An Analysis of the Pacing Strategies Adopted by Elite Athletes During Track Cycling

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Split Time ◽  
Elite Cyclists ◽  
Track Cycling

Purpose:To investigate pacing strategy during the 1-km time trial (TT) and 3- and 4-km individual pursuit (IP), in elite cyclists.Methods:Total times and intermediate times were obtained from the 2007 and 2008 cycling World Championships in the 1-km TT and 2006, 2007, and 2008 World Championships in the 3- and 4-km IP. Data were analyzed to examine the pacing-profiles employed and pacing strategies of “slow” and “fast” performances.Results:Similar pacing-profiles were evident in each event, which were characterized by an initial acceleration followed by a progressive decay in split times. In the 1-km TT, the first 250-m split time was a primary determinant of total time, whereas the rate of fatigue over the remainder of the race did not discriminate between performances. The first 250-m split time was also related to total time in the 3- and 4-km IP, although to a lesser extent than in the 1-km TT, whereas the ability to maintain a consistent pacing-profile was of increased importance. There were differences in the pacing strategies of slow and fast performances in the 3- and 4-km IP, with slow performances characterized by an overly quick start with a concomitant slowing at the finish.Conclusion:The pacing profiles adopted were similar to the optimal pacing strategies proposed in simulation models of cycling performance. However, in the 3-km and 4-km IP small alterations in pacing strategy appear to be important, at the elite level.

Rational Design of Quasi Zero-Strain NCM Cathode Materials for Minimizing Volume Change Effects in All-Solid-State Batteries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Strauss ◽  
Lea de Biasi ◽  
A-Young Kim ◽  
Jonas Hertle ◽  
Simon Schweidler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Solid State Batteries ◽  
All Solid State Batteries

Measures to improve the cycling performance and stability of bulk-type all-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are currently being developed with the goal of substituting conventional Li-ion battery (LIB) technology. As known from liquid electrolyte based LIBs, layered oxide cathode materials undergo volume changes upon (de)lithiation, causing mechanical degradation due to particle fracture, among others. Unlike solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes are somewhat capable of accommodating morphological changes. In SSBs, the rigidity of the materials used typically leads to adverse contact loss at the interfaces of cathode material and solid electrolyte during cycling. Hence, designing zero- or low-strain electrode materials for application in next-generation SSBs is desirable. In the present work, we report on novel Co-rich NCMs, NCM361 (60% Co) and NCM271 (70% Co), showing minor volume changes up to 4.5 V vs Li<sup>+</sup>/Li, as determined by <i>operando</i> X-ray diffraction and pressure measurements of LIB pouch and pelletized SSB cells, respectively. Both cathode materials exhibit good cycling performance when incorporated into SSB cells using argyrodite Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl solid electrolyte, albeit their morphology and secondary particle size have not yet been optimized.

Rational Design of Quasi Zero-Strain NCM Cathode Materials for Minimizing Volume Change Effects in All-Solid-State Batteries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Strauss ◽  
Lea de Biasi ◽  
A-Young Kim ◽  
Jonas Hertle ◽  
Simon Schweidler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Solid State Batteries ◽  
All Solid State Batteries

Measures to improve the cycling performance and stability of bulk-type all-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are currently being developed with the goal of substituting conventional Li-ion battery (LIB) technology. As known from liquid electrolyte based LIBs, layered oxide cathode materials undergo volume changes upon (de)lithiation, causing mechanical degradation due to particle fracture, among others. Unlike solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes are somewhat capable of accommodating morphological changes. In SSBs, the rigidity of the materials used typically leads to adverse contact loss at the interfaces of cathode material and solid electrolyte during cycling. Hence, designing zero- or low-strain electrode materials for application in next-generation SSBs is desirable. In the present work, we report on novel Co-rich NCMs, NCM361 (60% Co) and NCM271 (70% Co), showing minor volume changes up to 4.5 V vs Li<sup>+</sup>/Li, as determined by <i>operando</i> X-ray diffraction and pressure measurements of LIB pouch and pelletized SSB cells, respectively. Both cathode materials exhibit good cycling performance when incorporated into SSB cells using argyrodite Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl solid electrolyte, albeit their morphology and secondary particle size have not yet been optimized.

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