Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance

AbstractCycling performance models are used to study rider and sport characteristics to better understand performance determinants and optimise competition outcomes. Performance requirements cover the demands of competition a cyclist may encounter, whilst rider attributes are physical, technical and psychological characteristics contributing to performance. Several current models of endurance-cycling enhance understanding of performance in road cycling and track endurance, relying on a supply and demand perspective. However, they have yet to be developed for sprint-cycling, with current athlete preparation, instead relying on measures of peak-power, speed and strength to assess performance and guide training. Peak-power models do not adequately explain the demands of actual competition in events over 15-60 s, let alone, in World-Championship sprint cycling events comprising several rounds to medal finals. Whilst there are no descriptive studies of track-sprint cycling events, we present data from physiological interventions using track cycling and repeated sprint exercise research in multiple sports, to elucidate the demands of performance requiring several maximal sprints over a competition. This review will show physiological and power meter data, illustrating the role of all energy pathways in sprint performance. This understanding highlights the need to focus on the capacity required for a given race and over an event, and therefore the recovery needed for each subsequent race, within and between races, and how optimal pacing can be used to enhance performance. We propose a shift in sprint-cyclist preparation away from training just for peak power, to a more comprehensive model of the actual event demands.

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Understanding Sprint-Cycling Performance: The Integration of Muscle Power, Resistance, and Modeling

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2.1.5 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 5-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

James C. Martin ◽

Christopher J. Davidson ◽

Eric R. Pardyjak

Keyword(s):

Muscle Power ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Road Cycling ◽

Recent Innovation ◽

Competitive Success ◽

Sprint Cycling ◽

Resistive Forces ◽

Performance Determinants

Sprint-cycling performance is paramount to competitive success in over half the world-championship and Olympic races in the sport of cycling. This review examines the current knowledge behind the interaction of propulsive and resistive forces that determine sprint performance. Because of recent innovation in field power-measuring devices, actual data from both elite track- and road-cycling sprint performances provide additional insight into key performance determinants and allow for the construction of complex models of sprint-cycling performance suitable for forward integration. Modeling of various strategic scenarios using a variety of field and laboratory data can highlight the relative value for certain tactically driven choices during competition.

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Assessment Influence on Peak Power Output and Road Cycling Performance Prediction

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1260/174795408785100671 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 211-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark F. Smith

Keyword(s):

Performance Prediction ◽

Power Output ◽

Peak Power ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Road Cycling

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The Effects of Caffeine, Taurine, or Caffeine-Taurine Coingestion on Repeat-Sprint Cycling Performance and Physiological Responses

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0570 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1341-1347 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Rory Warnock ◽

Owen Jeffries ◽

Stephen Patterson ◽

Mark Waldron

Keyword(s):

Peak Power ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Rate Pressure Product ◽

Mean Power ◽

Sprint Cycling ◽

Single Blind ◽

Blind Crossover Study ◽

Repeat Sprint

Purpose: To investigate the effects of caffeine (C), taurine (T), caffeine and taurine coingestion (C +T), or placebo (P) on repeated Wingate cycling performance and associated physiological responses. Methods: Seven male team-sport players participated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, where they completed 3 Wingate tests, each separated by 2 min, an hour after ingesting: C (5 mg/kg body mass [BM]), T (50 mg/kg BM), C +T (5 mg/kg BM + 50 mg/kg BM), or P (5 mg/kg BM) in a gelatin capsule. Performance was measured on an ergometer, and blood lactate, perceived exertion, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RPP) were measured at rest (presupplement), baseline (1 h postsupplement), and during and after exercise. Results: Magnitude-based inferences revealed that all of the supplements increased (small to moderate, likely to very likely) mean peak power (MPP), peak power (PP), and mean power (MP) compared to P, with greater MPP, PP, and MP in T compared to C (small, possible). Intrasprint fatigue index (%FIIntra) was greater in T compared to P and C (moderate, likely), and %FIInter was lower in T compared to C (small, possible). C and C +T increased HR, MAP, and RPP compared to P and T at baseline (moderate to very large, likely to most likely); however, these only remained higher in C compared to all conditions in the final sprint. Conclusions: T elicited greater improvements in performance compared to P, C, or C +T while reducing the typical chronotropic and pressor effects of C.

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Isovelocity vs. Isoinertial Sprint Cycling Tests for Power- and Torque-cadence Relationships

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0989-2387 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (14) ◽

pp. 897-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehdi Kordi ◽

Jonathan Folland ◽

Stuart Goodall ◽

Paul Barratt ◽

Glyn Howatson

Keyword(s):

Performance Measures ◽

Power Output ◽

Peak Power ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Functional Measures ◽

Sprint Cycling ◽

Optimal Cadence

AbstractSprint cycling performance is heavily dependent on mechanical peak power output (PPO) and the underlying power- and torque-cadence relationships. Other key indices of these relationships include maximum torque (TMAX), cadence (CMAX) and optimal cadence (COPT). Two common methods are used in the laboratory to ascertain PPO: isovelocity and isoinertial. Little research has been carried out to compare the magnitude and reliability of these performance measures with these two common sprint cycling assessments. The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude and reliability of PPO, TMAX, CMAX and COPT measured with isovelocity and isoinertial sprint cycling methods. Two experimental sessions required 20 trained cyclists to perform isoinertial sprints and then isovelocity sprints. For each method, power-cadence and torque-cadence relationships were established, and PPO and COPT were interpolated and TMAX and CMAX were extrapolated. The isoinertial method produced significantly higher PPO (p<0.001) and TMAX (p<0.001) than the isovelocity method. However, the isovelocity method produced significantly higher COPT (p<0.001) and CMAX (p=0.002). Both sprint cycling tests showed high levels of between-session reliability (isoinertial 2.9–4.4%; isovelocity 2.7–4.0%). Functional measures of isovelocity and isoinertial sprint cycling tests were highly reliable but should not be used interchangably.

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Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0458 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 426-431

Author(s):

Mark Glaister ◽

Colin Towey ◽

Owen Jeffries ◽

Daniel Muniz-Pumares ◽

Paul Foley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peak Power ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Double Blind ◽

Double Blind Placebo ◽

Performance Effects ◽

Sprint Cycling ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Sprint Duration

Purpose:To investigate the influence of torque factor and sprint duration on the effects of caffeine on sprint cycling performance.Methods:Using a counterbalanced, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 13 men completed 9 trials. In trial 1, participants completed a series of 6-s sprints at increasing torque factors to determine the torque factor, for each individual, that elicited the highest (Toptimal) peak power output (PPO). The remaining trials involved all combinations of torque factor (0.8 N·m−1·kg−1vsToptimal), sprint duration (10 s vs 30 s), and supplementation (caffeine [5 mg·kg−1] vs placebo).Results:There was a significant effect of torque factor on PPO, with higher values atToptimal(mean difference 168 W; 95% likely range 142–195 W). There was also a significant effect of sprint duration on PPO, with higher values in 10-s sprints (mean difference 52 W; 95% likely range 18–86 W). However, there was no effect of supplementation on PPO (P = .056). Nevertheless, there was a significant torque factor × sprint duration × supplement interaction (P = .036), with post hoc tests revealing that caffeine produced a higher PPO (mean difference 76 W; 95% likely range 19–133 W) when the sprint duration was 10 s and the torque factor wasToptimal.Conclusion:The results of this study show that when torque factor and sprint duration are optimized, to allow participants to express their highest PPO, there is a clear effect of caffeine on sprinting performance.

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ARDUINO-BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR TRACK CYCLING PERFORMANCE MONITORING

10.15282/mohe.2014.ses.065 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Sadik Kamel Gharghan ◽

◽

Rosdiadee Nordin ◽

Mahamod Ismail

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Network ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Track Cycling

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The effects of forward rotation of posture on computer-simulated 4-km track cycling: Implications of Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1177/1754337115619306 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 231 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oliver Caddy ◽

William Fitton ◽

Digby Symons ◽

Anthony Purnell ◽

Dan Gordon

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Frontal Surface ◽

Integration Model ◽

Power Profile ◽

Fixed Power ◽

Legal Position ◽

The Mean ◽

Forward Integration ◽

Track Cycling

The aim of this research was to indicate improvements in 4-km cycling performance that may be gained as a function of reduced frontal surface area ( A) when Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013 is contravened. In 10 male cyclists age 26 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, height 180 ± 5 cm and body mass 71 ± 6 kg, entire cycling posture was rotated forward from where the nose of the saddle was 6 cm rearward of the bottom bracket spindle (P6) to 4, 2 and 0 cm (P4, P2 and P0); contravening Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013. Using computerised planimetry, A was estimated and a forward integration model was compiled to simulate 4-km track cycling end time ( T4km) when a fixed power profile was applied. At P2, there was a significant but non-meaningful reduction compared to P6 ( p < 0.05, d < 0.02). There were small but significant reductions in A and T4km between P6 and P0; −0.007 ± 0.004 m2 and −1.40 ± 0.73 s, respectively ( p < 0.001, d = −0.259). There were no significant differences between P4 and P6 for A and T4km. These results suggest that at the most forward position (P0), a small but significant increase in 4-km performance can be expected compared to the legal position (P6). Moreover, the mean difference in T4km between P6 and P0 is greater than the winning margin at the Union Cycliste Internationale 4-km pursuit world championships four times in the previous 10 years.

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Strength capacity of lower-limb muscles in world-class cyclists: new insights into the limits of sprint cycling performance

Sports Biomechanics ◽

10.1080/14763141.2021.2024243 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Iris Sachet ◽

Niels Peter Brochner Nygaard ◽

Gaël Guilhem ◽

François Hug ◽

Sylvain Dorel

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Lower Limb Muscles ◽

Strength Capacity ◽

Limb Muscles ◽

World Class ◽

Sprint Cycling

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Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Combined with Quercetin Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.405 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 405-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Holden S-H. MacRae ◽

Kari M. Mefferd

Keyword(s):

Peak Power ◽

Time Trial ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Antioxidant Supplementation ◽

Double Blind ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Dietary Antioxidant ◽

Power Peak ◽

Manova Analysis ◽

Trial Performance

We investigated whether 6 wk of antioxidant supplementation (AS) would enhance 30 km time trial (TT) cycling performance. Eleven elite male cyclists completed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study to test the effects of twice daily AS containing essential vitamins plus quercetin (FRS), and AS minus quercetin (FRS-Q) versus a baseline TT (B). MANOVA analysis showed that time to complete the 30 km TT was improved by 3.1% on FRS compared to B (P ≤ 0.01), and by 2% over the last 5 km (P ≤ 0.05). Absolute and relative (%HRmax) heart rates and percent VO2max were not different between trials, but average and relative power (% peak power) was higher on FRS (P ≤ 0.01). Rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation were not different between trials. Thus, FRS supplementation significantly improved high-intensity cycling TT performance through enhancement of power output. Further study is needed to determine the potential mechanism(s) of the antioxidant efficacy.

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