scholarly journals The Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Anxiety with Gastrointestinal Symptoms Before and During a 56 km Ultramarathon Running Race

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Antonina Mikocka-Walus ◽  
David R. Skvarc ◽  
Spencer S. H. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Recovery Stress ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
State Recovery ◽  
Potential Contributor

Abstract Background This study assessed relationships and sex differences between psychological state (recovery, stress, anxiety, and self-confidence) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) prior to and during a 56 km ultramarathon running race and identified predictive factors of race GIS. Forty-four (26 males, 18 females) ultramarathon competitors completed anxiety, recovery, stress and GIS questionnaires for three days prior to the race and immediately pre-race. Race GIS were assessed immediately post-race. Spearman’s rank order, Mann–Whitney U tests and regression analyses were used to determine correlations and identify sex differences between psychological state and GIS and determine predictors of race GIS. Results Race GIS were significantly correlated with recovery (rs =  − 0.381, p = 0.011), stress (rs = 0.500, p = 0.001) and anxiety (rs = 0.408, p = 0.006), calculated as the mean of the three days preceding the race and on race morning. The correlation between anxiety and GIS was strongest in the 24 h immediately prior to the race (all rs > 0.400, and all p < 0.05), but unclear patterns were identified for stress and recovery. Regression analyses showed 36% and 40% of variation in the severity and number of race GIS was accounted for by body mass and measures of stress, anxiety, and GIS over the three days preceding the race and on race morning (both p < 0.001). There were no sex differences in the number and severity of GIS leading up to or during the race (all p > 0.05), however, females reported greater state anxiety (p = 0.018) and lower self-confidence than males (p = 0.006) over the three days preceding the race and on race morning. Conclusion Endurance athletes that experience GIS during competition should investigate elevated stress and/or anxiety as a potential contributor and identify if management strategies can reduce the occurrence and severity of GIS.

scholarly journals Composite phaeochromocytomas—a systematic review of published literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dhanasekar ◽  
V. Visakan ◽  
F. Tahir ◽  
S. P. Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Palpable Mass

Abstract Introduction Composite phaeochromocytoma is a tumour containing a separate tumour of neuronal origin in addition to a chromaffin cell tumour. This study reports on two cases from a single centre’s records and presents a systematic literature review of composite phaeochromocytomas. Methods In addition to describing 2 case reports, a systematic search of the Medline database from inception up to April 2020 was done for human case reports on composite phaeochromocytomas. Relevant titles and/or abstracts were screened, and full texts were reviewed to identify appropriate studies. Data was extracted and a descriptive analysis of presentation, clinical features, management strategies and outcomes was performed. The quality of included studies was assessed using a critical appraisal checklist. Results There were 62 studies included, with a total of 94 patients. Of 91 patients where data was available, the median (range) age of patients was 48 (4–86) years. Of 90 patients where information was provided, 57% were female. In at least 28% of patients, a genetic cause was identified. Common presenting features include abdominal pain, palpable mass, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms. The most common tumour component with phaeochromocytoma is ganglioneuroma; other components include ganglioneuroblastoma, neuroblastoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. In patients with follow-up data (n=48), 85% of patients were alive and well at a median (range) follow-up time of 18 (0.5–168) months. Conclusion Composite phaeochromocytoma is a rare tumour, with a significant genetic predisposition. This review summarises available epidemiological data, which will be useful for clinicians managing this rare condition.

scholarly journals Irritable bowel syndrome in midlife women: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Lin Yang ◽  
Margaret M. Heitkemper ◽  
Kendra J. Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Pelvic Surgery ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Seek Health Care ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Irritable Bowel

AbstractMidlife women between the ages of 40 and 65 years have reported multiple challenges due to menopausal, developmental, and situational transitions from younger to older adulthood. During the midlife period, many women seek health care for gastrointestinal symptoms and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Multiple factors including stress, poor sleep, diet, and physical inactivity may contribute to IBS or gastrointestinal symptoms in midlife women. As such, a comprehensive assessment and treatment approach is needed for midlife women suffering gastrointestinal symptoms. This article reviews the main aspects of the menopausal transition, sex hormonal changes, abdominal and pelvic surgery, psychosocial distress, behavioral factors, and gut microbiome, as well as their relevance on IBS and gastrointestinal symptoms in midlife women. Also, management strategies for IBS in midlife women are discussed. To date, gastrointestinal symptoms during midlife years remain a critical area of women’s health. Additional research is needed to better understand the contributors to gastrointestinal symptoms in this group. Such efforts may provide a new window to refine or develop treatments of gastrointestinal symptoms for midlife women.

Sex Differences in Self-Confidence

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lenney ◽  
Joel Gold
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Self Confidence

scholarly journals Motivation Psychological Characteristics of Canoe-Kayak Sprint Elite Youth Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Evangelos Bebetsos ◽  
Emmanuel Aggelakis ◽  
George Bebetsos ◽  
Dimitrios Gargalianos
Keyword(s):  
Psychological State ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Racing Performance ◽  
Athlete Satisfaction ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Practice Time

AbstractThe objective of the current study was the investigation of anxiety and satisfaction levels among Elite Greek Youth athletes of Canoe-Kayak Sprint. Additionally, whether elements such as gender, age, athletic experience, and weekly practice-time, differentiated the sample. 122 athletes, (61 males and 61 females) between the ages of 15-17 yrs. old, who competed in the Hellenic Federation’s Canoe-Kayak Sprint National Championships. Study participants were invited to complete two questionnaires: a) the Greek version of “CSAI-2” (Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos, & Psichoundaki, 1998), and b) the Greek version of the “Athlete Satisfaction” scale (Bebetsos & Theodorakis, 2003). Results of the conducted study revealed that the sample differentiated: a) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, according to their athletic experience, and b) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, leadership, and personal outcome, according to their weekly practice-time. Finally, no sex differences were found in any questionnaire variable. In conclusion, the survey results highlighted the importance of the psychological factors tested on Canoe-Kayak Sprint athletes’ performance. Knowing and understanding athletes’ psychological state, can help them out (the athletes) in identifying aspects such as stress and satisfaction that directly affect their racing performance.

Androgen-mediated sex differences of cardiovascular responses in rats

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. H242-H246 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Baker ◽  
E. R. Ramey ◽  
P. W. Ramwell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Depressor Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Dose Levels

Sex differences in the systemic depressor response to arachidonic acid (50 or 150 microgram/kg iv) were observed in intact and castrated anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The rank order of responsiveness was: castrate males, castrate females, females, males; all four groups were significantly different (P less than 0.05) at the higher dose. Castrated males pretreated with testosterone (1 mg/kg sc) 5 or 7 days previously gave a response at the higher arachidonate dose levels that was of the same order as that obtained with intact males. Similar treatment of castrate males with androgen potentiated (P less than 0.05) the vasopressor action of norepinephrine (0.25 microgram/kg) on day 7 after the testosterone pretreatment. In contrast, treatment with depot estradiol (100 microgram/kg sc) in castrate males produced no significant change in the response to either of the vasoactive compounds on both days 5 and 7 after pretreatment. These data suggest that testosterone may be a significant factor in the development of sex differences in the cardiovascular systems of rats.

Discriminant Effectiveness of Psychological State Measures in Predicting Performance Outcome in Karate Competition

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Terry ◽  
Andrew Slade
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Profile Of Mood States ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
Performance Outcome ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Predicting Performance

Male Shotokan karate players (karateka) ( N = 208) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and the Profile of Mood States about 40 minutes before a competition. Single-factor multivariate analysis of variance of preperformance mood and anxiety scores indicated significant differences between winning and losing competitors. Winners scored higher on Vigor, Anger, and Self-confidence, and lower on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, Confusion, Cognitive Anxiety, and Somatic Anxiety. Discriminant function analysis showed that 91.96% of participants could be correctly classified as winners or losers on the basis of preperformance mood scores. This figure rose to 93.47% when scores on the anxiety subscales were also included in the discriminant function analysis. Anxiety scores alone produced 78.89% discrimination. Mood profiles for winning karateka were in line with the “mental health” profile of Morgan except for above-average scores on Anger. This result supports the view of McGowan and Miller that anger may facilitate performance in karate competition. The capacity of measures of psychological state to discriminate performance exceeds previous reports, suggesting that karate performance may be exceptionally mood-dependent. These results suggest that interventions which increase scores on Vigor and Anger and reduce scores on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, and Confusion may be particularly efficacious for Shotokan karate performance.

Sex differences in self-confidence: The influence of comparison to others' ability level

Sex Roles ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 925-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lenney ◽  
Joel Gold ◽  
Chris Browning
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Self Confidence

Sex Differences in Color Preferences among An Elderly Sample

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Clayton Silver ◽  
Rozan A Ferrante
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Elderly Group ◽  
Color Preferences

The purpose of the study was to assess differences in color preferences between the sexes. A sample of 193 retirees were asked to report their favorite colors. The pattern of frequencies for preferred color differed as a function of sex. Blue was chosen as the most preferred color by both sexes. Women preferred black and purple more than men did. Moreover, the men preferred red over pink, whereas the women preferred red and pink equally. The rank order of color preferences for this elderly group were very similar to the findings of Silver, et al. who sampled young adults in 1988.

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SELF-PRESENTATION AND COMPETITIVE A-TRAIT: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Hudson ◽  
Matthew Williams
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Anxiety Management ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Competitive Anxiety

Leary (1992) suggests that sports anxiety stems from the Self-Presentation (SP) implications of competition. Some research supports this (e.g., Wilson & Eklund, 1998) and the aim of this study was to expand this research base. Fifty-nine competitive middle distance runners completed the Sport Anxiety Scale [Smith, Smoll & Schultz, 1990, assessing worry (W), concentration disruption (CD) and somatic anxiety (SA)]. Only 2 of the 4 SP concerns assessed by the CSPCI (Williams, Hudson & Lawson, 1999), were associated with anxiety. Regression analyses showed that concern over others. impressions predicted W (R2= 0.41, p<0.01), CD (R2=0.09, p<0.01), and concern over current form, SA (R2=0.47, p<0.01). Results support a link between SP and competitive anxiety and the need to consider athletes' SP concerns in anxiety management strategies.

Relations of Goal Orientations and Expectations on Multidimensional State Anxiety

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Newton ◽  
Joan Duda
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Perspective Theory ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tennis Skills

This study examined the relationships among task and ego orientation, expectations for success, and multidimensional state anxiety in a competitive sport situation. Subjects ( N = 107) enrolled in a tennis skills class were gender- and ability-matched and asked to play an eight game pro-set. One week prior to the match goal orientations were assessed. Immediately prior to competition multidimensional state anxiety and performance expectations were measured. Multiple regression analyses predicting multidimensional state anxiety revealed that somatic and cognitive state anxiety were only predicted by performance expectations. Also, lower ego orientation and positive match expectations were predictive of state self-confidence. Results are interpreted in light of goal perspective theory.

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