scholarly journals Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan F. Bennett-Smith ◽  
John E. Majoris ◽  
Benjamin M. Titus ◽  
Michael L. Berumen
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Host Anemone ◽  
Stichodactyla Mertensii

Abstract Background The Red Sea contains thousands of kilometers of fringing reef systems inhabited by clownfish and sea anemones, yet there is no consensus regarding the diversity of host anemone species that inhabit this region. We sought to clarify a historical record and recent literature sources that disagree on the diversity of host anemone species in the Red Sea, which contains one endemic anemonefish, Amphiprion bicinctus Rüppell 1830. Results We conducted 73 surveys spanning ~ 1600 km of coastline from the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and encountered seven species of host anemones, six of which hosted A. bicinctus. We revise the list of symbionts for A. bicinctus to include Stichodactyla haddoni (Saville-Kent, 1893) and Stichodactyla mertensii Brandt, 1835 which were both observed in multiple regions. We describe Red Sea phenotypic variability in Heteractis crispa (Hemprich & Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1834) and Heteractis aurora (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833), which may indicate that these species hybridize in this region. We did not encounter Stichodactyla gigantea (Forsskål, 1775), although the Red Sea is the type locality for this species. Further, a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature, occurrence records, and misidentified basis of record reports dating back to the early twentieth century indicate that it is unlikely that S. gigantea occurs in the Red Sea. Conclusions In sum, we present a new guide for the host anemones of the Red Sea, revise the host specificity of A. bicinctus, and question whether S. gigantea occurs in the central and western Indian Ocean.

Deconstructing and reconstructing joint hypermobility on an evo-devo perspective

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Castori
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Joint Hypermobility ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Continuous Traits

Abstract Joint hypermobility is a common characteristic in humans. Its non-casual association with various musculoskeletal complaints is known and currently defined “the spectrum”. It includes hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). hEDS is recognized by a set of descriptive criteria, while HSD is the background diagnosis for individuals not fulfilling these criteria. Little is known about the aetiopathogenesis of the spectrum. It may be interpreted as a complex trait according to the integration model. Particularly, the spectrum is common in the general population, affects morphology, presents extreme clinical variability and is characterized by marked sex bias without a clear Mendelian or hormonal explanation. Joint hypermobility and the other hEDS systemic criteria are intended as qualitative derivatives of continuous traits of normal morphological variability. The need for a minimum set of criteria for hEDS diagnosis implies a tendency to co-vary of these underlying continuous traits. In evolutionary biology, such a co-variation (i.e. integration) is driven by multiple forces, including genetic, developmental, functional and environmental/acquired interactors. The aetiopathogenesis of the spectrum may be resolved by a deeper understanding of phenotypic variability, which superimposes on normal morphological variability.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of Quercus robur L. leaf in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-541
Author(s):  
Branislava Batos ◽  
Danijela Miljkovic ◽  
Marko Perovic ◽  
Sasa Orlovic
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Interpopulation Variability ◽  
Intrapopulation Variability

This paper presents the results of a study dealing with leaf morphological variability of Quercus robur L. 148 trees were sampled from 5 population across Serbia and 17 morphological traits were assessed. Interpopulation variability was confirmed by the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA). A statistically significant (p <0.05) effect of population was obtained for most of the studied morphological characters. Intrapopulation variability was confirmed by statistically significant tree effects for all of the studied leaf characters (all p < 0.05). The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) confirmed a significant population and tree share in the total phenotypic variability (all p <0.05). By applying the canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), the first discriminant function accounted for 63% of the variability between populations and the second accounted for 20% of the population variability. The leaf area (AREA), specific leaf area (SLA) and surface area to perimeter ratio (ARPE) had the greatest effect on population differentiation (CDA). It is assumed that different environmental conditions affect population differentiation and that high intrapopulation variability is due to intraspecific variability.

Reassignments to the Genus Marmorofusus Snyder & Lyons, 2014 (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae: Fusininae) of species from the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and southwestern Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4714 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-64
Author(s):  
WILLIAM G. LYONS ◽  
MARTIN AVERY SNYDER
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Southwestern Australia ◽  
Senior Synonym

Twelve species from the Bay of Bengal, the Red Sea, the western Indian Ocean, and southwestern Australia are reclassified in Marmorofusus. These include: Murex undulatus Gmelin, 1791, a senior synonym of Murex variegatus Perry, 1811 and Fusus laticostatus Deshayes, 1831, formerly regarded as a junior synonym of Marmorofusus nicobaricus (Röding, 1798); Murex verrucosus Gmelin, 1791 (synonyms Fusus tuberculatus Anton, 1839 non Lamarck, 1822, F. marmoratus Philippi, 1846 and F. rudicostatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1880); F. polygonoides Lamarck, 1822 (synonym F. biangulatus Deshayes, 1833); F. tuberculatus (Lamarck, 1822) (synonyms Fusus indicus Anton, 1839, F. maculiferus Tapparone Canefri, 1875, Fusinus t. priscai Bozzetti, 2013 and F. t. fuscobandatus Bozzetti, 2017); Fusus philippii Jonas in Philippi, 1846, an earlier name for Fusus tessellatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1880 (other probable synonyms Fusus exilis Menke, 1843, non Conrad, 1832 and Fusinus dampieri Finlay, 1930, replacement name for F. exilis Menke); Fusus oblitus (Reeve, 1847) (synonym Fusus turrispictus Hedley, 1918); F. leptorhynchus Tapparone Canefri, 1875 (synonym F. subquadratus G.B. Sowerby II, 1880), Fusinus vercoi Snyder, 2004; F. wellsi Snyder, 2004; F. brianoi Bozzetti, 2006; F. verbinneni Snyder, 2006; and F. bishopi Petuch & Berschauer, 2017. Fusus toreuma Deshayes, 1843, sometimes misidentified as M. tuberculatus, is a member of the Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758) species group. 

scholarly journals Introduction to virtual issue on Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean biogeography

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1923-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Berumen ◽  
Joseph D. DiBattista ◽  
Luiz A. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Western Indian Ocean

scholarly journals High intraspecific genetic and morphological variation in the pioneer lichen Cladonia rei colonising slag dumps

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Osyczka ◽  
Kaja Rola ◽  
Anna Lenart-Boroń ◽  
Piotr Boroń
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Outgroup Species

AbstractThis study investigates the genetic and morphological variability of the lichen Cladonia rei inhabiting strongly contaminated postsmelting slag dumps in southern Poland. Altogether, 27 C. rei samples were analysed, including 17 from a single population in one dump. The phylogenetic analysis includes samples of C. rei, outgroup species, and external sequences of Cladonia section representatives from GenBank. Comparative analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences revealed the presence of 19 C. rei haplotypes overall, including several of the most frequent, of which 11 are represented by single individuals only. As many as 12 haplotypes were recorded within a single population. Three strongly supported monophyletic clades comprised of specimens from different geographical regions were recovered. Morphometric analysis showed great phenotypic variability within particular clades. Apart from a full range of previously known morphological forms of the species, an additional specific morphotype was recognised in the dumps; however, its representatives do not create a monophyletic group. High genetic variability within a single population suggests that C. rei has a great potential for colonising anthropogenic habitats. This attribute emphasises the role of this lichen as an essential pioneer in the early stages of natural regeneration of such sites.

scholarly journals Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Vahey ◽  
Daniel A. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Protein Components

AbstractInfluenza viruses inhabit a wide range of host environments using a limited repertoire of protein components. Unlike viruses with stereotyped shapes, influenza produces virions with significant morphological variability even within clonal populations. Whether this tendency to form pleiomorphic virions is coupled to compositional heterogeneity and whether it affects replicative fitness remains unclear. Here we address these questions by developing live strains of influenza A virus amenable to rapid compositional characterization through quantitative, site-specific labeling of viral proteins. Using these strains, we find that influenza A produces virions with broad variations in size and composition from even single infected cells. The virus leverages this phenotypic variability to survive environmental challenges including temperature changes and anti-virals. Complimenting genetic adaptations that act over larger populations and longer times, this ‘low fidelity’ assembly of influenza A virus allows small populations to survive environments that fluctuate over individual replication cycles.

scholarly journals Diversity of Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus): A review

Respuestas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Juliana Arango Gaviria ◽  
Julián Echeverri Zuluaga ◽  
Albeiro López Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Kikuyu Grass

Kikuyo is a perennial plant of rapid growth and high aggressiveness, which represents one of the most important resources for the development of the economy and for the support of specialized livestock in Colombia. It was introduced in the mid-30s, where it has spread thanks to its invasive nature; however, of the studies that have been carried out, few have focused on the genetic diversity and phenotypic variability within their populations, as well as the possible contributions that these can provide to sustainability in the agricultural sector. The objective of this revision is to explore previous information about some basic topics of this forage species and mainly about its diversity and genetic variability in different latitudes. A systematic search was made of scientific articles, indexed journals, books and documents that had as main axis information about basic grass topics and mainly about genetic variability and diversity. In other countries, several lines of Kikuyo grass have been registered, as well as some studies on genetic diversity that have been able to determine, in different populations, a large amount of genetic variation consistent with the wide morphological variability of pasture.

The Archaeological Record of Indian Ocean Engagements in the Red Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Heldaas Seland
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter reviews the evidence, nature, and development of maritime contacts in the Red Sea and from the Red Sea into the western Indian Ocean from the Neolithic until the start of the Islamic period, c. 4000 BCE–700 CE. In addition to summarizing and highlighting recent archaeological research and ongoing scholarly debates, emphasis is placed on identifying and explaining periods of intensified as well as reduced interaction, and on the relationship between internal Red Sea dynamics and contacts with the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean worlds in light of climate, natural environment, hinterland interest, and a changing geopolitical situation.

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