scholarly journals Palaeobotanical and biomarker evidence for Early Permian (Artinskian) wildfire in the Rajmahal Basin, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanta Murthy ◽  
Vinod Atmaram Mendhe ◽  
Dieter Uhl ◽  
Runcie Paul Mathews ◽  
Vivek Kumar Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Barakar Formation ◽  
Coal Block ◽  
Excellent Preservation ◽  
Electronic Microscope

AbstractThis study provides a combined analysis on the palynology, fossil charcoal and biomarkers of the subsurface coal deposits from a borehole RMB #2 drilled at the Dhulia Coal Block, Rajmahal Basin, India, in attempts to establish the chronology of sedimentation and to propose palaeobotanical as well as geochemical evidence for the occurrence of wildfires in these sediments. The palynological investigation suggests a Scheuringipollenites barakarensis palynoassemblage from the lower Barakar Formation, dated as Artinskian (Early Permian) in age. This assemblage reveals the dominance of Glossopteridales and sub-dominance of taxa belonging to Cordaitales and Coniferales. Fossil charcoal in sediments is usually recognized as a direct indicator for the occurrence of palaeo-wildfires. More data involving the anatomical features of fossil charcoal analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope broaden our knowledge on Early Permian wildfires from the peninsula of India. The studied macroscopic charcoal fragments exhibit anatomical details such as homogenized cell walls, uniseriate simple and biseriate alternate pitting on tracheid walls and rays of varying heights pointing to a gymnospermous wood affinitity. The excellent preservation of charcoal fragments, shown by their large sizes and almost unabraded edges, suggests a parautochthonous origin. The embedded biomarker study performed for charcoal sediments and its characterization demonstrate the presence of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, terpenoids and aromatic compounds. A bimodal distribution pattern of n-alkanes with a Cmax at n-C25 is identified. Diterpenoids and pentacyclic terpenoids are identified, indicating the input of an early conifer vegetation and bacterial activity, respectively. The identified polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, together with the charcoal fragments, clearly suggest that repeated wildfire events occurred during the deposition of these Artinskian sediments in the Rajmahal Basin.

Palaeoclimatic significance of non - striate disaccate pollen in Yellandu coalfield of Godavari graben, Telangana State

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
D.S. Seetharam ◽  
H. Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Barakar Formation ◽  
Coal Block ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
Humid Climatic Condition

The present palaeopalynological study deals with the significance of non - striate disaccate pollen from bore hole Q - 563 of Yellandu coalfield (Jawahar Khani - 5 coal block), Kothagudem sub-basin and to determine the age and palaeoclimatic interpretations of the study area based on the pollen morphological characters. For the palynological investigation, sixty samples were thoroughly analyzed in which fairly diversified palynofloral assemblages of Gondwanic affinity were recorded. About 30 genera and 50 species of palynomorphs, belong to Glossopteridales, Coniferales, Cordaitales of gymnospermous pollen, pteridophytic spores. In the present communication, the palynoflora belongs to Glossopteridales viz. Scheuringipollentites barakarensis, S. maximus, S. tentulus, Ibisporites diplosaccus, Primuspollenites levis, P. densus and Sahnites thomasii etc. Frequency distribution pattern of the palynotaxa reveals that the assemblage is dominated by the non - striate disaccates followed by striate disaccates, monosaccates (gymnosperms) and pteridophytic spores. The diversified palynoassemblage of both non striate and striate disaccates pollen strongly signifies that the Yellandu coal belt of Godavari graben belongs to Barakar Formation of Early Permian age (Late Sakmarian – Early Artinskian). Predominance of non - striate disaccate pollen recorded from the Yellandu sediments indicates a warm and high humid climatic condition with fluvial environment of deposition.

scholarly journals Chondritesisp. Indicating Late Paleozoic Atmospheric Anoxia in Eastern Peninsular India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biplab Bhattacharya ◽  
Sudipto Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Trace Fossil ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Barakar Formation

Rhythmic sandstone-mudstone-coal succession of the Barakar Formation (early Permian) manifests a transition from lower braided-fluvial to upper tide-wave influenced, estuarine setting. Monospecific assemblage of marine trace fossilChondritesisp. in contemporaneous claystone beds in the upper Barakar succession from two Gondwana basins (namely, the Raniganj Basin and the Talchir Basin) in eastern peninsular India signifies predominant marine incursion during end early Permian. MonospecificChondritesichnoassemblage in different sedimentary horizons in geographically wide apart (~400 km) areas demarcates multiple short-spanned phases of anoxia in eastern India. Such anoxia is interpreted as intermittent falls in oxygen level in an overall decreasing atmospheric oxygenation within the late Paleozoic global oxygen-carbon dioxide fluctuations.

scholarly journals Macroscopic and Microscopic Modifications of Wood after Debarking of Trees in the South Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ghislain Kenguem Kinjouo ◽  
Marie Caroline Momo Solefack ◽  
Victor François Nguetsop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Lateral Extent

Wounding of trees by debarking has been reported to form a callus tissue. This work aims to investigate macroscopic and microscopic modifications of wood after the removal of barks in Alstonia boonei, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, and Garcinia lucida. Species that are not yet barking were wounded to conducting experimental debarking. The wound was rectangular with 30 cm vertically with a lateral extent of 10 cm. Every three months, there was a follow-up for fifteen months during which the macroscopic and microscopic phenomena were observed and recorded. Microsections of 15–20 μm thickness were taken on a piece of wood from the regenerated and intact wood, with a sledge microtome. Staining of cell walls was done with safranin and fast green to increase contrast in an anatomical slide. Analyzes of the variability of xylem anatomical features were done by semi-automatic measurements using the SpectrumSee digital image analysis software. The speed of recovery of the bark of these three species is 9.04 cm/year for A. boonei, 5.9 cm/year for S. zenkeri, and 3.85 cm/year for G. lucida. The recovery of A. boonei’s bark is the fastest, and it just takes 15 months to heal its wound. Densities of vessels were 8, 38, and 17 per mm², respectively, for the wood of A. boonei, S. zenkeri, and G. lucida before barking. These values increased for A. boonei (26) and G. lucida (20) except for S. zenkeri (25). In all species, the diameter of the vessels has decreased in the regenerated wood. Management practices that enhance the monitoring of sustainable harvesting levels of species and promote alternative plants for the same uses should be considered as part of conservation strategies.

Inclusion double light refraction the apoplast in shoots development structure the Picea obovata and P. abies (Pinaceae)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Б. Скупченко
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Young Shoot ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Light Refraction ◽  
Picea Obovata ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Electronic Microscope

Включения апопласта с двойным светопреломлением (ВАДС) обнаружены в паренхиме коры укороченного стебля зрелой почки. Исследование этих включений в электронном микроскопе показало, что они содержат электронопрозрачные компоненты, которые погружены в осмиофильную электроноплотную среду. Двойным светопреломлением включений оболочек клеток обладает липидный компонент, в кристаллической форме составляющий их наибольшую часть. В формирующихся побегах ВАДС появляются вначале ранней весной в зачатках хвои. Затем ВАДС накапливаются в меристеме коровой паренхимы укороченного стебля новой терминальной почки. В последующем ВАДС откладываются в паренхиме коры удлиненного стебля охвоенной части молодого побега, который при этом включается в активный продольный рост. ВАДС, появившиеся в зонах активного роста тканей, остаются в них продолжительное время. В мезофилле хвои ВАДС располагаются на оболочках клеток, в основном обращенных к полостям межклетников. Вероятно, в начале своего появления ВАДС образуют некоторый фонд метаболитов, участвующих в поддержании активных ростовых процессов меристем, расположенных под покровами почки. В дальнейшем, они могут представлять собой место депонирования метаболитов, выводимых из обмена веществ. Значительное накопление ВАДС, имеющих липофильное окружение, может вызвать торможение транспирации хвои и газообмена клеток мезофилла. Возможно, накопление ВАДС представляет собой один из факторов старения хвои и паренхимных тканей коры побегов. Inclusion double light refraction the apoplast (VADS) are discovered in parenchyma cortexes shortcut stem mature bud. The research of these inclusion in electronic microscope has shown that they contain the electrontransparent components, which are shipped in osmiofil electrondencity ambience. Double light refraction inclusion cell walls hutches possesses lipid component in crystalline form forming their most part. In development shoot VADS appear the early springtime in primordium needls. Then VADS are accumulated in meristem cortexes parenchyma shortcut stem new terminal bud. In the following VADS are postponed in parenchyma cortexes stem needls part of the young shoot, which is herewith included in active longitudal growing. VADS, come up for zone of the active growing fabric, remain long-lasting time in them. In mesophyll pine-needles VADS are situated on the walls of cells, basically turned to intercellular spaces. Probably, at the beginning initially its appearances VADS form certain fund a metabolities, participating in maintenance active growing processes meristems, located under cover of the bud. Hereinafter, they can present itself place of the deposition metabolities, taken out from metabolism. The Significant accumulation VADS, having lipophyl encirclement, can cause the braking an transpiration to pine-needles and gas exchange of the cells mesophyll. Possible, accumulation VADS presents itself one of the factor of the ageing to pine-needles and parenchym tissues of the shoot cortex.

Chapter 4 The Central Basin

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brian Harland ◽  
Simon R. A. Kelly ◽  
Isobel Geddes ◽  
Paul A. Doubleday
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Early Carboniferous ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
The Many ◽  
West Spitsbergen ◽  
Early Paleogene

Svalbard rocks conveniently divide into younger and older rocks at about the initial 'Carboniferous' boundary. There are, however, latest Devonian strata in places continuous with Carboniferous sedimentation. The older rocks are tectonically as well as stratigraphically complex. Beginning with the sub-Carboniferous (peneplane) unconformity resting variously on Devonian and pre-Devonian strata, it expressly excludes any older rocks.The term basin as in Central Basin applied here is used in a structural sense for what amounts to a broad brachysyncline. The accumulated strata were also formed in sedimentary basins with shifting depocentres. The most obvious is the Paleogene sedimentary and structural basin commonly referred to as the Tertiary Basin. The Central Basin excludes the western and southwestern areas (Chapters 9 and 10) where older and younger rocks are caught up in the Paleogene West Spitsbergen Orogeny. It also excludes the areas, mainly in the islands in the east, where subsidence was less marked at first and tectonic platform conditions prevailed. The younger succession, Tournaisian through Paleogene (a span of about 330 million years) has suffered only minor diastrophism in contrast to earlier events. Central Basin thus refers to the whole post Devonian cover or platform sequence in this study area.Most mineral prospects of economic interest in Svalbard belong to these younger rocks, from the many coal deposits of which Early Carboniferous and especially Early Paleogene horizons have been exploited. Furthermore, in the search for petroleum, source rocks of Late Carboniferous Early Permian, Early to Mid-Triassic and Jurassic age have been identified

scholarly journals Anatomical features of leaves of three cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and settling the plants by cereal leaf beetles, Oulema spp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Grzegorz Soczyński
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Cereal Leaf Beetle ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Made In

Investigations of flag leaves anatomy of three winter wheat cultivars: Almari, Gama and Weneda were carried out as it was state that there are great differences in the intensity of cereal leaf beetle feeding on the leaves. In order to determine the features conditioning the differentiated resistance of these cultivars following parameters were measured: the thickness of leaf blade, the length of trichomes and their density in the adaxial epidermis, the number of silicon cells in 1 mm<sup>2</sup> epidermis and the thickness of the external cell walls of epidermis. The observations of cross section of the leaves were made in a light microscope and that of surface of the adaxial epidermis in a scanning electron microscope. In this study it was shown that Gama cv. distinguishes of the shortest trichomes with poor density, the lowest number of the silicon cells in 1 mm<sup>2</sup> and epidermis cells with the thinest walls. This features indicate a poor resistance of Gama cv. against feeding of the pests and give reasons for the presence a much higher number of the cereal leaf beetle larvae (about 100%) than at the extant two cultivars. Dependence between the thickness of leaf blades and the number of larvae of the infesting pests has not been stated.

Glossifungites Ichnofabric Signifying Crustacean Colonization in Early Permian Barakar Formation, Talchir Coal Basin, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biplab Bhattacharya ◽  
Sudipto Banerjee ◽  
Sandip Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Early Permian ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Barakar Formation

Anatomy and histochemistry of stromatal anamorphs in the Sclerotiniaceae

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Kohn ◽  
Douglas J. Grenville
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Storage Reserve ◽  
Large Deposits

As part of comparative studies of stromata in the Sclerotiniaceae, mature sclerotial and substratal stromata produced in vitro by 19 species, and 1 form-species, representing 13 genera and 1 form-genus, were examined using light microscopy and histochemical staining. Sclerotial-stromatal taxa were Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, S. minor. Sclerotium cepivorum, Botrytis cinerea, B. porri, Dumontinia tuberose, Ciborinia erythronii, Myriosclerotinia dennisii, M. borealis, Monilinia fructicola, and Stromatinia gladioli. Substratal-stromatal taxa were Lambertella subrenispora, Lanzia luteovirescens, Rutstroemia sydowiana, Stromatinia gladioli, Ovulinia azaleae, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, Scleromitrula shiraiana, and Ciboria acerina. Histochemical staining, particularly 0.05% toluidine blue O in benzoate buffer at pH 4.4, was found to be useful in demarcating the zones within stromata: rind, cortex, and medulla. All sclerotia contained extensive reserves of carbohydrates in thick cell walls and copious extracellular matrix, while protein bodies were usually the major cytoplasmic storage reserve. A group of saprophytic, substratal isolates had thin medullary cell walls and less extracellular matrix, and did not store protein but stored large deposits of lipid in cytoplasm. A group of phytopathogenic, substratal-stromatal isolates appeared to be transitional, with anatomical features and extensive cytoplasmic protein body reserves suggesting that they produce indeterminate sclerotial stromata rather than true substratal stromata.

THE MICROSCOPIC WOOD STRUCTURE OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAMAECYPARIS

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cell

Trends in variation in different parts of the tree with regard to such anatomical features as tracheid and ray cell dimensions, size and distribution of rays, size and arrangement of pits, and thickness of cell walls resemble those recorded for other Cupressaceae. Comparative data relating to homologous wood samples show slight differences in mean values between the three American species of Chamaecyparis, but the intraspecific variability is usually so extensive that the specific ranges overlap widely. No single microscopic character seems completely reliable for diagnostic purposes, but certain structural features are valuable when used together. These are the frequency of ray tracheids in newly formed rays, the thickness of the horizontal and end walls of ray parenchyma cells, the number of pits per crossing field, and the height/width ratio of ray cells viewed tangentially.

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