scholarly journals Experimental animal models for diabetes and its related complications—a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidhambara Priya Dharshini Kottaisamy ◽  
Divya S. Raj ◽  
V. Prasanth Kumar ◽  
Umamaheswari Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
The World ◽  
High Glucose Level

AbstractDiabetes mellitus, a very common and multifaceted metabolic disorder is considered as one of the fastest growing public health problems in the world. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, a condition with high glucose level in the blood plasma resulting from defects in insulin secretion or its action and in some cases both the impairment in secretion and also action of insulin coexist. Historically, animal models have played a critical role in exploring and describing malady pathophysiology and recognizable proof of targets and surveying new remedial specialists and in vivo medicines. In the present study, we reviewed the experimental models employed for diabetes and for its related complications. This paper reviews briefly the broad chemical induction of alloxan and streptozotocin and its mechanisms associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Also we highlighted the different models in other species and other animals.

scholarly journals Experimental models of type 1 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I. Yarmolinskaya ◽  
Nelly Yu. Andreyeva ◽  
Elena I. Abashova ◽  
Elena V. Misharina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Morphological Patterns

This article describes currently used experimental animal models of type 1 diabetes. The literature data on the pathogenesis of clinical and morphological patterns of the disease and the possibility of extrapolation have been summarized in the review. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models have been evaluated. Based on the reported results, it can be concluded that preclinical research is essential as fundamental basis for the investigation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in Different Animal Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Al-awar ◽  
Krisztina Kupai ◽  
Médea Veszelka ◽  
Gergő Szűcs ◽  
Zouhair Attieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Akita Mice

Animal models have historically played a critical role in the exploration and characterization of disease pathophysiology and target identification and in the evaluation of novel therapeutic agents and treatments in vivo. Diabetes mellitus disease, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels for a prolonged time. To avoid late complications of diabetes and related costs, primary prevention and early treatment are therefore necessary. Due to its chronic symptoms, new treatment strategies need to be developed, because of the limited effectiveness of the current therapies. We overviewed the pathophysiological features of diabetes in relation to its complications in type 1 and type 2 mice along with rat models, including Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, BB rats, LEW 1AR1/-iddm rats, Goto-Kakizaki rats, chemically induced diabetic models, and Nonobese Diabetic mouse, and Akita mice model. The advantages and disadvantages that these models comprise were also addressed in this review. This paper briefly reviews the wide pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, particularly focusing on the challenges associated with the evaluation and predictive validation of these models as ideal animal models for preclinical assessments and discovering new drugs and therapeutic agents for translational application in humans.

scholarly journals Differential Activation of CD8+Tumor-Specific Tc1 and Tc2 Cells by an IL-10-Producing Murine Plasmacytoma

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Specht ◽  
Hans-Gerd Pauels ◽  
Christian Becker ◽  
Eckehart Kölsch
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Specific Tolerance

The involvement of counteractiveCD8+T-cell subsets during tumor-specific immune responses was analyzed in a syngeneic murine plasmacytoma model.CD8+Tc cells against the immunogenic IL-10-producing BALB/c plasmacytoma ADJ-PC-5 can be easily induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with X-irradiated ADJ-PC-5 tumor cellsin vivoandin vitro. However, the failure of recipient mice to mount a protective Tc response against the tumor during early stages of a real or simulated tumor growth is not due to immunological ignorance, but depends on the induction of tumor-specific tolerance, involving a population of tumorinducedCD8+T cells that are able to inhibit the generation of tumor-specific Tc cells in a primary ADJ-PC-5-specific MLTC, using IFN-γas a suppressive factor. Whereas most longterm cultivated CD8+ADJ-PC-5-specific Tc lines produce type-1 cytokines on stimulation, at least two of them, which were derived from a primary MLTC, display a type-2 cytokine spectrum. Furthermore, the primaryin vitroTc response against ADJ-PC-5 cells shows characteristics of a Tc2 response. The Tc response is strictly depending on tumor-derived IL-10.CD8+Tc cells that are induced in a primary MLTC do not produce IFN-γ, and the tumor-specific Tc response is enhanced by IL-4 but suppressed by IFN-γor IL-12. In contrast, ADJ-PC- 5-specificCD8+Tc cells from immunized mice are IFN-γproducing Tc1 cells. Since the primaryin vitroTc response against the tumor is suppressed even by the smallest numbers of irradiated ADJ-PC-5-specific Tc1 cells via IFN-γthese Tc1 cells behave similar to the suppressiveCD8+T cells that are induced during early stages of ADJ-PC-5 tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals Actions Underlying Antidiabetic Effects of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extracts in Animal Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hannan ◽  
O. Ojo ◽  
L. Rokeya ◽  
J. Khaleque ◽  
M. Akhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antidiabetic Effects

The world pandemic of diabetes

2011 ◽  
pp. 1795-1799
Author(s):  
Nigel Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Increasing Trends

A pandemic refers to a disease that is rapidly increasing in frequency across many populations, over a wide geographical area (1). Put another way, it refers to the situation in which epidemics of the disease are occurring simultaneously in many countries. This is the case for diabetes, which has the dubious distinction of being one of the few chronic non-communicable diseases known to be increasing in all countries from which data are available, irrespective of the level of economic development (2). This is mirrored by a pandemic of people who are overweight or obese (3), the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on diabetes in adults (aged 20 years old and above), of which 85% to more than 95%, depending on the population, have type 2 diabetes (2, 4), which is thus the main contributor to the growing burden of diabetes. However, it is worth noting that, in children (<15 years old), the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing, particularly in the youngest age groups, across the vast majority of countries from which good data are available (5). The reasons for this increase are unclear, although various environmental risk factors have been implicated (5). This chapter aims to do the following: ◆ provide an overview of the prevalence and trends in diabetes in adults across the world and its contribution to mortality ◆ describe the broad determinants that underlie the increasing trends in diabetes in adults ◆ provide an introduction to variations by ethnicity in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes

Animal Research for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Its Limited Translation for Clinical Benefit, and the Way Forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Ali ◽  
P. Charukeshi Chandrasekera ◽  
John J. Pippin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Research Findings

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and considerable research efforts have been dedicated to investigating disease pathology and therapeutic options. The two hallmark features of T2DM, insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Despite the knowledge acquired from such models, particularly mechanistic discoveries that sometimes mimic human T2DM mechanisms or pathways, many details of human T2DM pathogenesis remain unknown, therapeutic options remain limited, and a cure has eluded research. Emerging human data have raised concern regarding inter-species differences at many levels (e.g. in gene regulation, pancreatic cytoarchitecture, glucose transport, and insulin secretion regulation), and the subsequent impact of these differences on the clinical translation of animal research findings. Therefore, it is important to recognise and address the translational gap between basic animal-based research and the clinical advances needed to prevent and treat T2DM. The purpose of this report is to identify some limitations of T2DM animal research, and to propose how greater human relevance and applicability of hypothesis-driven basic T2DM research could be achieved through the use of human-based data acquisition at various biological levels. This report addresses how in vitro, in vivo and in silico technologies could be used to investigate particular aspects of human glucose regulation. We do not propose that T2DM animal research has been without value in the identification of mechanisms, pathways, or potential targets for therapies, nor do we claim that human-based methods can provide all the answers. We recognise that the ultimate goal of T2DM animal research is to identify ways to advance the prevention, recognition and treatment of T2DM in humans, but postulate that this is where the use of animal models falls short, despite decades of effort. The best way to achieve this goal is by prioritising human-centred research.

scholarly journals Common Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type-1 variant strains in both malignant and benign EBV-associated disorders

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1579-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Schuster ◽  
G Ott ◽  
S Seidenspinner ◽  
HW Kreth
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Carcinoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
Sequence Pattern ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr

In the present study, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolates from 18 malignant tumors (angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy [AILD], n = 4; Hodgkin's disease [HD], n = 3; pleomorphic T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [T-NHL], n = 1; B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [B-NHL], n = 8; gastric carcinoma, n = 2) as well as from 10 tonsils of EBV- seropositive children and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 12 children with uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis (IM) and of a boy with severe chronic active EBV infection were genotyped in the EBV nuclear antigen-2 (EBNA-2) gene. A total of 40 of 41 isolates harbored EBV type 1; in 1 specimen (tonsil), only EBV type 2 was found. Further molecular characterization of EBV type-1 wild-type isolates in the EBNA- 2 gene and in the 40-kb distant EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER) region showed that different groups of stable EBV type-1 variant strains exist in vivo both in benign and malignant lymphatic tissue. Group 1 is composed of EBV type-1 isolates (B-NHL, n = 3; T-NHL, n = 1; HD, n = 1; IM, n = 4) that showed a B95–8-like DNA sequence pattern in both viral genes. Group 2 isolates (HD, n = 1; AILD, n = B-NHL, n = 1; tonsils of EBV-seropositive children, n = 9; IM, n = 20 showed a nucleotide change at position 49095 in the EBNA-2 gene, leading to an amino acid substitution (Pro-->Ser), and EBV type-2 sequences in the EBER region. EBV type-1 isolates that fall into group 3 (AILD, n = 3; HD, n = 1; B- NHL, n = 4; gastric carcinoma, n = 2; IM, n = 6; severe chronic active EBV infection, n = 1) were characterized by typical nucleotide changes and a 3-bp insertion (CTC; extra Leu residue) in the EBNA-2 gene and an EBV type-2-specific sequence pattern in the EBER region. These EBV type- 1 variant strains may represent the most prevalent circulating EBV type- 1 strains in the exposed population and seem not to be restricted to a certain EBV-associated disease or tumor type. However, analysis of more EBV isolates from benign and malignant lesions must show whether more EBV type-1 substrains exist in vivo.

Animal Models in Peritoneal Dialysis Research: A Need for Consensus

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siska Mortier ◽  
Norbert H. Lameire ◽  
An S. De Vriese
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Collective Effort ◽  
Study Duration

The development of an adequate animal model for peritoneal research remains an object of concern. In vivo peritoneal dialysis (PD) research is hampered by the large variety of available models that make interpretation of results and comparison of studies very difficult. Species and strain of experimental animals, method of peritoneal access, study duration, measures of solute transport and ultrafiltration, and sampling for histology differ substantially among the various research groups. A collective effort to discuss the shortcomings and merits of the different experimental models may lead to a consensus on a standardized animal model of PD.

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