scholarly journals Multi-detector computed tomography in traumatic abdominal lesions: value and radiation control

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Maher Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Borg ◽  
Abd El-Aal Saleem ◽  
Amira Ragab
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Pancreatic Injury ◽  
Post Contrast ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Abdominal Lesions

Abstract Background, The context A prospective study was conducted involving 81 patients (mean age, 20.79 years) with abdominal trauma who underwent ultrasonography and post-contrast CT on MDCT scanner. The total DLP for each patient was reviewed, and the effective dose was calculated. Purpose of the study to: explore the role of MDCT in assessing traumatic abdominal lesions, demonstrate radiation dose delivered by MDCT, and describe specific CT technical features to minimize radiation. Results The spleen was the most commonly injured organ (49.4%) followed by liver (39.5%) and kidney (24.7%). Pancreatic injury occurred in seven patients, whereas only two patients had intestinal injuries. One patient had adrenal injury. Minimal, mild and moderate free intra-peritoneal fluid collection was detected in 21 (25.9%), 47 (58%) and 10 (12.3%) patients, respectively. Only three (3.7%) patients had no collection. One patient had active uncontrolled bleeding and died. Radiation dose was below the detrimental level (calculated effective dose), with optimal image quality. Conclusions MDCT is sensitive to all types of traumatic abdominal lesions. Not only in determining the injury, but also in its grading. MDCT has affected the treatment directions, spotting a focus on conservative treatment by raising the diagnostic confidence. FAST cannot be the sole imaging modality. The individual radiation risk is small but real. Advancements in medical imaging reduce radiation risk.

Forecast of Radiation Risks of the Population in the Contaminated 137Cs Territories of Russia, in Accordance with Current ICRP Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A. Menyajlo ◽  
V. Kashcheev ◽  
E. Pryakhin ◽  
M. Maksyutov ◽  
K. Tumanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual

Purpose: Calculations of radiation detriment to the population currently living (in 2020) in the territories of Russia contaminated with 137Cs after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Material and methods: Radiation detriment was calculated in two ways: according to the original ICRP method, and approximate calculation as the product of the nominal risk factor of RSS-99/2009 by the effective dose (nominal radiation detriment). For ICRP calculations, equivalent doses were estimated using the dose coefficients of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The number of the studied population at the beginning of 2020 was 142676 people, 65205 men and 77471 women. This is mainly the population of the Bryansk region and Tula region, 85.5 % and 10 % of the total population, respectively. The average accumulated effective dose of the population was 30.6 mSv, and the maximum individual accumulated dose was 707 mSv. Results: In 2020, for men at the age of 44 and for women at the age of 55, the nominal radiation detriment is approximately equal to the value of radiation detriment calculated using the ICRP method. At the same time, the nominal detriment is significantly (up to 2.3 times) underestimated for younger and overestimated for older ages. In 2020, the critical population groups with the highest accumulated doses and maximum radiation detriment are men aged 34 and women aged 35. For these population groups, the average accumulated effective doses were 35.3 mSv and 39.2 mSv, and the average radiation detriment was 2.6×10–3 and 4.2×10–3, for men and women, respectively. For 11.8 % of the population (8.3 % of men and 14.8 % of women), the individual radiation detriment calculated using the ICRP method exceeds the value of 3.5×10–3, which corresponds to the maximum increase in individual risk for the population over 70 years of exposure, established by RSS-99/2009 for normal exposure conditions. The maximum radiation detriment of 3.9×10–2 was found for a woman of the Krasnogorsky district of the Bryansk region at the age of 37 years, with an accumulated effective dose of 392 mSv. Conclusion: The results of this work can be used in preparing recommendations to health authorities on improving medical supervision of exposured citizens living in areas contaminated with radionuclides, as well as in developing regulatory documents for the provision of targeted medical care to people from high radiation risk groups using personalized medicine methods.

scholarly journals Real-time Radiation Monitoring and Assessment of Radiation Risk on Public around BSMMU Hospital Campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Abdullah Tareque ◽  
Suranjan Kumar Das ◽  
Mohammad Sohelur Rahman ◽  
Selina Yeasmin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
The Real ◽  
Dose Rates

Objective: Ionizing radiation is extensively used in the hospital for diagnosis and treatment procedures to patients and its usage increasing day by day with the socio-economic development of the country. The aim of the study is to monitor the real-time radiation around the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital campus and estimation of the radiation risk on public. Method: The real-time radiation monitoring around the BSMMU hospital campus was performed using digital portable radiation monitoring device (DPRMD). The DPRMD meets all European CE standards and the American “FCC 15 standard”. The DPRMD was placed at 1 meter above the ground on tripod and data taking time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. Each MP was identified using Garmin eTrex GPS device. 32 MPs were selected for taking the real-time radiation dose rates around the BSMMU hospital campus from August-September 2019. Results: The real-time radiation dose rates around the BSMMU hospital campus were ranged from 0.020-2.45 µSv/hr with an average of 0.211 ± 0.094 µSv/hr. The annual effective dose on public were ranged from 0.222 ± 0.052 mSv to 1.247 ± 0.071 mSv with an average of 0.368 ± 0.097 mSv. The excess life-time cancer risk (ELCR) on public was estimated based on the annual effective dose that ranged from 0.881×10-3 to 5.12×10-3 with an average value of 1.488×10-3 around the BSMMU hospital campus, which means that in every thousand people, one person is at the risk of developing cancer caused by the scattered radiation exposure from the hospital. Conclusion: Real-time radiation monitoring makes possible to ensure the protection the radiation worker and the public from unnecessary radiation hazard. The study also provides the instantaneous information of inappropriate operation of radiation generating equipments and improper handling of radioactive substances in the hospital.

scholarly journals Reducing the Breast Cancer Risk and Radiation Dose of Radiography for Scoliosis in Children: A Phantom Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Manami Nemoto ◽  
Koichi Chida
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Organ Dose ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
First Choice

Full-spinal radiographs (FRs) are often the first choice of imaging modality in the investigation of scoliosis. However, FRs are strongly related to breast cancer occurrence due to multiple large-field radiographic examinations taken during childhood and adolescence, which may increase the risk for breast cancer in adulthood among women with scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to consider various technical parameters to reduce the patient radiation dose of FRs for scoliosis. To evaluate breast surface doses (BSDs) in FRs, radio photoluminescence dosimeters were placed in contact with a child phantom. Using the PC-based Monte Carlo (PMC) program for calculating patient doses in medical X-ray examinations, the breast organ dose (BOD) and the effective dose were calculated by performing Monte Carlo simulations using mathematical phantom models. The BSDs in the posteroanterior (PA) view were 0.15–0.34-fold those in the anteroposterior (AP) view. The effective dose in the PA view was 0.4–0.61-fold that in the AP view. BSD measurements were almost equivalent to the BODs obtained using PMC at all exposure settings. During FRs, the PA view without an anti-scatter grid significantly reduced the breast dose compared to the AP view with an anti-scatter grid.

Pediatric computed tomography imaging guideline

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 998-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Young ◽  
Catherine M Owens
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Computed Tomography Imaging ◽  
Radiation Reduction ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Ct Radiation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Imaging Guideline

The use of computed tomography (CT) in pediatric diagnostic imaging is demanding generally, but when coupled with an awareness to limit the radiation dose associated with this imaging modality, the procedure becomes challenging. Although new techniques have been developed in line with the introduction of faster multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanners to aid radiation reduction, it still remains the responsibility of the clinical practitioner to ensure each examination request is justified and the scanning protocol and parameters selected are optimized to the individual patient's requirement. It is the purpose of this article to outline the basic principle of CT radiation dose optimization based on modification of scanning parameters and application of different imaging techniques.

scholarly journals Estimation of Radiation Risk on Public Around Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital Campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al Shuhan ◽  
Mohammad Sohelur Rahman ◽  
Selina Yeasmin ◽  
Md. Kabir Uddin Sikder
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
The Real ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Medical College

Objective: Ionizing radiation is widely used in the hospital for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to patients and its usage increasing day by day. The aim of the study is to monitor the real-time radiation around the Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College (ShSMC) hospital campus and estimation of radiation risk on public. Method: The real-time radiation monitoring around the ShSMC hospital was performed using digital portable radiation monitoring device (DPRMD). The DPRMD meets all European CE standards and the American “FCC 15 standard”. The DPRMD was placed at 1 meter above the ground on tripod and data collection time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. Each MP was marked out using Garmin eTrex GPS device. 32 MPs were chosen for collection of the real-time radiation dose rates around the ShSMC hospital campus in October 2020. Results: The real-time radiation dose rates around the ShSMC hospital campus were ranged from 0.37-3.39 µSv/hr with an average of 1.537 ± 0.359 µSv/hr. The annual effective dose on public were ranged from 1.326 ± 0.551 mSv to 4.902 ± 0.705 mSv with an average of 2.694 ± 0.629 mSv. The excess life-time cancer risk (ELCR) on public health was estimated based on the annual effective dose that ranged from 5.277×10ˆ-3 to 19.503×10ˆ-3 with an average value of 10.72×10ˆ-3 around the ShSMC hospital campus. Conclusion: Real-time radiation monitoring facilitates to ensure the safety of the radiation workers and the public from undue radiation hazard. The study also gives instant information of improper operation of radiation generating equipments and improper handling of radioactive substances in the hospital.

scholarly journals Radiation Awareness for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in the Hybrid Operating Room: An Instant Operator Risk Chart for Daily Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 152660282110074
Author(s):  
Quirina M. B. de Ruiter ◽  
Frans L. Moll ◽  
Constantijn E. V. B. Hazenberg ◽  
Joost A. van Herwaarden
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
Access Site ◽  
Femoral Access ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Rate Prediction ◽  
Operator Dose

Introduction: While the operator radiation dose rates are correlated to patient radiation dose rates, discrepancies may exist in the effect size of each individual radiation dose predictors. An operator dose rate prediction model was developed, compared with the patient dose rate prediction model, and converted to an instant operator risk chart. Materials and Methods: The radiation dose rates (DRoperator for the operator and DRpatient for the patient) from 12,865 abdomen X-ray acquisitions were selected from 50 unique patients undergoing standard or complex endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in the hybrid operating room with a fixed C-arm. The radiation dose rates were analyzed using a log-linear multivariable mixed model (with the patient as the random effect) and incorporated varying (patient and C-arm) radiation dose predictors combined with the vascular access site. The operator dose rate models were used to predict the expected radiation exposure duration until an operator may be at risk to reach the 20 mSv year dose limit. The dose rate prediction models were translated into an instant operator radiation risk chart. Results: In the multivariate patient and operator fluoroscopy dose rate models, lower DRoperator than DRpatient effect size was found for radiation protocol (2.06 for patient vs 1.4 for operator changing from low to medium protocol) and C-arm angulation. Comparable effect sizes for both DRoperator and DRpatient were found for body mass index (1.25 for patient and 1.27 for the operator) and irradiated field. A higher effect size for the DRoperator than DRpatient was found for C-arm rotation (1.24 for the patient vs 1.69 for the operator) and exchanging from femoral access site to brachial access (1.05 for patient vs 2.5 for the operator). Operators may reach their yearly 20 mSv year dose limit after 941 minutes from the femoral access vs 358 minutes of digital subtraction angiography radiation from the brachial access. Conclusion: The operator dose rates were correlated to patient dose rate; however, C-arm angulation and changing from femoral to brachial vascular access site may disproportionally increase the operator radiation risk compared with the patient radiation risk. An instant risk chart may improve operator dose awareness during EVAR.

1948 ORGAN SPECIFIC RADIATION DOSE RATES AND EFFECTIVE DOSE DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

2012 ◽  
Vol 187 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lipkin ◽  
John Mancini ◽  
Agnes Wang ◽  
Greta Toncheva ◽  
Colin Anderson-Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Organ Specific

Calculation of the individual effective dose equivalent in Italy following the chernobyl accident

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-156
Author(s):  
M. Lotfi ◽  
S. Mancioppi ◽  
S. Piermattei ◽  
L. Tommasino ◽  
D. Azimi-Garakani
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Effective Dose Equivalent ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
The Individual

Radiation dose of 18F-FDG to lactating breasts, its effect on the effective dose and a more accurate effective dose from 18F-FDG

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-864
Author(s):  
Deborah Pencharz ◽  
Helena McMeekin ◽  
Thomas Wagner ◽  
Fred Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
18F Fdg

Using 100- instead of 120-kVp computed tomography to diagnose pulmonary embolism almost halves the radiation dose with preserved diagnostic quality

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Björkdahl ◽  
Ulf Nyman
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Ct Number ◽  
Subjective Image Quality ◽  
Diagnostic Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tube Potential

Background: Concern has been raised regarding the mounting collective radiation doses from computed tomography (CT), increasing the risk of radiation-induced cancers in exposed populations. Purpose: To compare radiation dose and image quality in a chest phantom and in patients for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) at 100 and 120 peak kilovoltage (kVp) using 16-multichannel detector computed tomography (MDCT). Material and Methods: A 20-ml syringe containing 12 mg I/ml was scanned in a chest phantom at 100/120 kVp and 25 milliampere seconds (mAs). Consecutive patients underwent 100 kVp ( n = 50) and 120 kVp ( n = 50) 16-MDCT using a “quality reference” effective mAs of 100, 300 mg I/kg, and a 12-s injection duration. Attenuation (CT number), image noise (1 standard deviation), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR; fresh clot = 70 HU) of the contrast medium syringe and pulmonary arteries were evaluated on 3-mm-thick slices. Subjective image quality was assessed. Computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) were presented by the CT software, and effective dose was estimated. Results: Mean values in the chest phantom and patients changed as follows when X-ray tube potential decreased from 120 to 100 kVp: attenuation +23% and +40%, noise +38% and +48%, CNR −6% and 0%, and CTDIvol −38% and −40%, respectively. Mean DLP and effective dose in the patients decreased by 42% and 45%, respectively. Subjective image quality was excellent or adequate in 49/48 patients at 100/120 kVp. No patient with a negative CT had any thromboembolism diagnosed during 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: By reducing X-ray tube potential from 120 to 100 kVp, while keeping all other scanning parameters unchanged, the radiation dose to the patient may be almost halved without deterioration of diagnostic quality, which may be of particular benefit in young individuals.

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