Pharmaceutical applications of citric acid

Abstract Background Citric acid (CA) is a universal plant and animal-metabolism intermediate. It is a commodity chemical processed and widely used around the world as an excellent pharmaceutical excipient. Notably, CA is offering assorted significant properties viz. biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, safety, etc. Therefore, CA is broadly employed in many sectors including foodstuffs, beverages, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics as a flavoring agent, sequestering agent, buffering agent, etc. From the beginning, CA is a regular ingredient for cosmetic pH-adjustment and as a metallic ion chelator in antioxidant systems. In addition, it is used to improve the taste of pharmaceuticals such as syrups, solutions, elixirs, etc. Furthermore, free CA is also employed as an acidulant in mild astringent preparations. Main text In essence, it is estimated that the functionality present in CA provides excellent assets in pharmaceutical applications such as cross-linking, release-modifying capacity, interaction with molecules, capping and coating agent, branched polymer nanoconjugates, gas generating agent, etc. Mainly, the center of attention of the review is to deliver an impression of the CA-based pharmaceutical applications. Conclusion In conclusion, CA is reconnoitered for multiple novels pharmaceutical and biomedical/applications including as a green crosslinker, release modifier, monomer/branched polymer, capping and coating agent, novel disintegrant, absorption enhancer, etc. In the future, CA can be utilized as an excellent substitute for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Graphical abstract

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Biodegradable liposome-encapsulated hydrogels for biomedical applications: a marriage of convenience

Biomaterials Science ◽

10.1039/c5bm00481k ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 555-574 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Santiago Grijalvo ◽

Judith Mayr ◽

Ramon Eritja ◽

David Díaz Díaz

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Applications ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications

Liposome-encapsulated hydrogels have emerged as an attractive strategy for medical and pharmaceutical applications.

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Citric acid: A green cross-linker of biomaterials for biomedical applications

European Polymer Journal ◽

10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 146 ◽

pp. 110271 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rabiu Salihu ◽

Saiful Izwan Abd Razak ◽

Nurliyana Ahmad Zawawi ◽

Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir ◽

Norjihada Izzah Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Cross Linker

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Composite Nanocellulose Fibers-Based Hydrogels Loading Clindamycin HCl with Ca2+ and Citric Acid as Crosslinking Agents for Pharmaceutical Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4423

Author(s):

Pichapar O-chongpian ◽

Mingkwan Na Takuathung ◽

Chuda Chittasupho ◽

Warintorn Ruksiriwanich ◽

Tanpong Chaiwarit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Drug Release ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Ion ◽

Human Keratinocytes ◽

Prolonged Release ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications ◽

Mass Ratios ◽

Crosslinking Agents

Biocomposite hydrogels based on nanocellulose fibers (CNFs), low methoxy pectin (LMP), and sodium alginate (SA) were fabricated via the chemical crosslinking technique. The selected CNFs-based hydrogels were loaded with clindamycin hydrochloride (CM), an effective antibiotic as a model drug. The properties of the selected CNFs-based hydrogels loaded CM were characterized. The results showed that CNFs-based hydrogels composed of CNFs/LMP/SA at 1:1:1 and 2:0.5:0.5 mass ratios exhibited high drug content, suitable gel content, and high maximum swelling degree. In vitro assessment of cell viability revealed that the CM-incorporated composite CNFs-based hydrogels using calcium ion and citric acid as crosslinking agents exhibited high cytocompatibility with human keratinocytes cells. In vitro drug release experiment showed the prolonged release of CM and the hydrogel which has a greater CNFs portion (C2P0.5A0.5/Ca + Ci/CM) demonstrated lower drug release than the hydrogel having a lesser CNFs portion (C1P1A1/Ca + Ci/CM). The proportion of hydrophilic materials which were low methoxy pectin and sodium alginate in the matrix system influences drug release. In conclusion, biocomposite CNFs-based hydrogels composed of CNFs/LMP/SA at 1:1:1 and 2:0.5:0.5 mass ratios, loading CM with calcium ion and citric acid as crosslinking agents were successfully developed for the first time, suggesting their potential for pharmaceutical applications, such as a drug delivery system for healing infected wounds.

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Raman Microimaging Using a Novel Multifiber-Based Device: A Feasibility Study on Pharmaceutical Tablets

International Journal of Spectroscopy ◽

10.1155/2012/959235 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Sana Tfaili ◽

Cyril Gobinet ◽

Jean-François Angiboust ◽

Michel Manfait ◽

Olivier Piot

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

Imaging Device ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Pharmaceutical Tablets ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications ◽

Health Field ◽

Portable Raman

Raman microimaging is a potential analytical technique in health field and presents many possible pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we tested a micrometer spatial resolution probe coupled to a portable Raman imager via an indexed multifiber bundle. At the level of the probe, the fibers were arranged in a circular geometry in order to fit to the pupil of an objective. The imaging potential of this Raman system was assessed on pharmaceutical-like pellets. We showed that this setup permits to record, nearly in real time, Raman images with a micrometer resolution. The collected images revealed a marked heterogeneity in chemicals distribution. Further investigations will be led on cells and biological tissues to evaluate the potential of this Raman imaging device for biomedical applications.

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Development of pH-sensitive and antibacterial gelatin/citric acid/Ag nanocomposite hydrogels with potential for biomedical applications

Journal of Polymer Research ◽

10.1007/s10965-018-1661-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nima Shafagh ◽

Mohammad Sabzi ◽

Mohammad Javad Afshari

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Ph Sensitive ◽

Nanocomposite Hydrogels

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Cosmetic, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Fish Gelatin/Hydrolysates

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19030145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Suhair Al-Nimry ◽

Alaa Abu Dayah ◽

Inas Hasan ◽

Rawand Daghmash

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

Fish Gelatin ◽

Mouth Diseases ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Gelatin Hydrolysate

There are several reviews that separately cover different aspects of fish gelatin including its preparation, characteristics, modifications, and applications. Its packaging application in food industry is extensively covered but other applications are not covered or covered alongside with those of collagen. This review is comprehensive, specific to fish gelatin/hydrolysate and cites recent research. It covers cosmetic applications, intrinsic activities, and biomedical applications in wound dressing and wound healing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, implants, and bone substitutes. It also covers its pharmaceutical applications including manufacturing of capsules, coating of microparticles/oils, coating of tablets, stabilization of emulsions and drug delivery (microspheres, nanospheres, scaffolds, microneedles, and hydrogels). The main outcomes are that fish gelatin is immunologically safe, protects from the possibility of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth diseases, has an economic and environmental benefits, and may be suitable for those that practice religious-based food restrictions, i.e., people of Muslim, Jewish and Hindu faiths. It has unique rheological properties, making it more suitable for certain applications than mammalian gelatins. It can be easily modified to enhance its mechanical properties. However, extensive research is still needed to characterize gelatin hydrolysates, elucidate the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR), and formulate them into dosage forms. Additionally, expansion into cosmetic applications and drug delivery is needed.

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The Effect of Cross-Linking with Citric Acid on the Properties of Agar/Fish Gelatin Films

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12020291 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 291

Author(s):

Jone Uranga ◽

Bach T. Nguyen ◽

Trung Trang Si ◽

Pedro Guerrero ◽

Koro de la Caba

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Fish Gelatin ◽

Film Properties ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications ◽

Gelatin Films ◽

Esterification Reactions ◽

Acid Esterification

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of fish gelatin–citric acid nucleophilic substitution and agar–citric acid esterification reactions on the properties of agar/fish gelatin films. Since temperature is an important cross-linking parameter, films were treated at 90 °C and 105 °C and film properties were compared to those of non-cured films. It was observed that temperature favored the aforementioned reactions, which induced physical and morphological changes. In this regard, darker films with a rougher surface were obtained for the films with a higher cross-linking degree. While mechanical properties were slightly modified, the barrier properties were enhanced due to the reactions that occurred. Therefore, these agar/fish gelatin films cross-linked through two different reactions can be considered to be promising materials as active films for different purposes, such as active packaging or pharmaceutical applications.

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