scholarly journals Monitoring bond-slip behavior of CFRP-RCESC beams using piezoelectric active sensing method

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyong Jiang ◽  
Donghai Yu ◽  
Min Xiao ◽  
Lingyun Li ◽  
Lei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Bond Slip ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Damage Process ◽  
As Stress

AbstractCombination of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendon and reinforced concrete encased steel composite (RCESC) beam can improve the workability and the energy dissipation capacity of members. In this paper, three RCESC beams reinforced with steel bars or CFRP bars were designed and fabricated to study the bond-slip behavior between I-shaped steel and CFRP reinforced concrete and the damage states between bond-slip interfaces of the beams. The lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patch as stress wave actuator, the smart aggregates (SAs) were installed in concrete as the sensors to collect the stress wave signal. A method based on piezoelectric active sensing was developed to monitor the bond-slip damage of CFRP-RCESC beam. The changes of responding signals were characterized in time- and frequency- domains. The characteristic information of bond-slip damage was further quantified by wavelet packet energy. Results show the bond-slip resistance of the CFRP-RCESC beams can be improved by increasing reinforcement ratio and elastic modulus of the main bars. The bond-slip damage process of the specimens can be effectively monitored by the active sensing method.

scholarly journals Detecting Debonding between Steel Beam and Reinforcing CFRP Plate Using Active Sensing with Removable PZT-Based Transducers

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jiang ◽  
Jinwei Jiang ◽  
Xiaowei Deng ◽  
Zifeng Deng
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Steel Beam ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Cfrp Plate

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates are widely used to retrofit or reinforce steel structures, and the debonding damage between the steel structure and the CFRP plate is a typical failure in strengthening steel structures. This paper proposes a new approach to detecting debonding between a steel beam and a reinforcing CFRP plate by using removable lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based transducers and active sensing. The removable PZT-based transducers are used to implement the active sensing approach, in which one transducer, as an actuator, is used to generate stress wave, and another transducer, as a sensor, is used to detect the stress wave that propagates across the bonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. The bonding condition significantly influences the received sensor signal, and a wavelet-packet-based energy index (WPEI) is used to quantify the energy of the received signal to evaluate the severity of debonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. To validate the proposed approach, experimental studies were performed, and two removable PZT-based transducers were designed and fabricated to detect the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CRFP plate. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in detecting the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate using removable PZT-based transducers.

scholarly journals Multi-Scale Stress Wave Simulation for Aggregates Segregation Detection of Concrete Core in Circular CFST Coupled with PZT Patches

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbing Chen ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Yilung Mo ◽  
Tianmin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Stress Wave Propagation ◽  
Voltage Response ◽  
Concrete Aggregate ◽  
Concrete Core ◽  
Multi Scale

In this study, the numerical investigation of the detectability of concrete aggregate segregation in circular concrete-filled steel tubulars (CCFST) based on piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) measurement is performed. The stress wave propagation in the concrete core of circular CCFST excited with a surface-mounted PZT actuator is studied with multi-scale and multi-physical field coupling analysis. The piezoelectric effect of PZT patches and its coupling effect with CFSTs are considered. Numerical concrete modeling technology is employed to construct the concrete core composed of randomly distributed aggregates with and without aggregate segregation at different levels, mortar, and an interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The effects of the random distribution of elliptical aggregates, aggregate segregation, and the existence of ITZ in the concrete core on the wave fields in the cross-section and the corresponding voltage response of the embedded PZT sensor are discussed. An evaluation index based on wavelet packet analysis on the output voltage response is defined, and its sensitivity to concrete aggregate segregation is systematically investigated. The multi-scale and multi-physics coupling simulation results indicate that concrete aggregate segregation in the concrete core of CFST members can be efficiently detected based on the stress wave measurement with a PZT sensor.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study on Timber Moisture Monitoring Using Piezoceramic Transducer-Enabled Active Sensing

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 3100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jicheng Zhang ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Yongshui Huang ◽  
Jinwei Jiang ◽  
Siu-Chun Ho
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Piezoceramic Transducer

In recent years, the piezoceramic transducer-enabled active sensing technique has been extensively applied to structural damage detection and health monitoring, in civil engineering. Being abundant and renewable, timber has been widely used as a building material in many countries. However, one of the more challenging applications of timber, in construction, is the potential damage caused by moisture. Increased moisture may cause easier warping of timber components and encourage corrosion of integrated metal members, on top of potentially causing rot and decay. However, despite numerous efforts to inspect and monitor the moisture content of timber, there lacks a method that can provide truly real time, quantitative, and non-invasive measurement of timber moisture. Thus, the research presented in this paper investigated the feasibility of moisture-content monitoring using an active sensing approach, as enabled by a pair of the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers bonded on the surface of a timber specimen. Using a pair of transducers in an active sensing scheme, one patch generated a designed stress wave, while another patch received the signal. While the active sensing was active, the moisture content of the timber specimen was gradually increased from 0% to 60% with 10% increments. The material properties of the timber correspondingly changed under varying timber moisture content, resulting in a measurable differential in stress wave attenuation rates among the different specimens used. The experimental results indicated that the received signal energy and the moisture content of the timber specimens show a parabolic relationship. Finally, the feasibility and reliability of the presented method, for monitoring timber moisture content, are discussed.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study on Grouting Compactness Detection in Sleeves Using Piezoelectric Transducers

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wu ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Shenglan Ma ◽  
Xiaoliang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Hilbert Huang Transform ◽  
Energy Peak ◽  
Steel Sleeve ◽  
To Receive

Steel sleeve grouting connections are widely used in prefabricated concrete structures. It is well known that insufficient grouting increases the chance of structural failure. As such, it is critical to monitor the density and compactness of grouting sleeve during the construction process, which however remains significant challenges as it is deeply buried in the beam and column. In this study, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based sleeve grouting compactness detection method was systematically investigated. Five grouting sleeves samples with different degrees of compactness were prepared and four PZT transducers were surface-bonded on opposite sides of the outer wall of each sleeve. Two acts as actuators to generate stress wave signals, and the other two operate as sensors to receive the signals. The wavelet packet energy and Hilbert–Huang transform methods were applied to process the stress wave signals, and with the chosen characteristic parameters, the correction model of the grouting compactness was established. Experimental results show that the wavelet packet total energy values and the Hilbert energy peak values are related to the grouting compactness, indicating the feasibility of using PZT sensors to detect the compactness of grouting sleeves.

scholarly journals Real-Time Monitoring of Bond Slip between GFRP Bar and Concrete Structure Using Piezoceramic Transducer-Enabled Active Sensing

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
Changchun Ren ◽  
Qingshan Deng ◽  
Qingping Jin ◽  
Xuemin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Concrete Structure ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Bond Slip ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Gfrp Bar

Glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) have received increasing attention in recent years due to their overall performance of light weight, low cost and corrosion resistance, and they are increasingly used as reinforcement in concrete structures. However, GFRP material has low elastic modulus and linear elastic properties compared with steel bars, which introduces different bonding characteristics between bars and concrete. Therefore, a reliable monitoring method is urgently needed to detect the bond slip in GFRP-reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, a piezoceramic-based active sensing approach is proposed and developed to find the debonding between a GFRP bar and the concrete structure. In the proposed method, we utilize PZT (lead zirconate titanate) as two transducers. One acts as an actuator which is buried in the concrete structure, and the other acts as a sensor which is attached to the GFRP bar by taking advantage of machinability of the GRRP material. Both transducers are strategically placed to face each other across from the interface between the GFRP bar and the concrete. The actuator provokes a stress wave that travels through the interface. Meanwhile, the PZT patch that is attached to the GFRP bar is used to detect the propagating stress wave. The bonding condition determines how difficult it is for the stress wave traveling through the interface. The occurrence of a bond slip leads to cracks between the bar and the concrete, which dramatically reduces the energy carried by the stress wave through the interface. In this research, two specimens equipped with the PZT transducers are fabricated, and pull-out tests are conducted. To analyze the active sensing data, we use wavelet packet analysis to compute the energy transferred to the sensing PZT patch throughout the process of debonding. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can accurately capture the bond slip between the GFRP bar and the concrete.

scholarly journals A PZT-Based Electromechanical Impedance Method for Monitoring the Soil Freeze–Thaw Process

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jicheng Zhang ◽  
Chuan Zhang ◽  
Jiahao Xiao ◽  
Jinwei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Wave Signal

It is important to conduct research on the soil freeze–thaw process because concurrent adverse effects always occur during this process and can cause serious damage to engineering structures. In this paper, the variation of the impedance signature and the stress wave signal at different temperatures was monitored by using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers through the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method and the active sensing method. Three piezoceramic-based smart aggregates were used in this research. Among them, two smart aggregates were used for the active sensing method, through which one works as an actuator to emit the stress wave signal and the other one works as a sensor to receive the signal. In addition, another smart aggregate was employed for the EMI testing, in which it serves as both an actuator and a receiver to monitor the impedance signature. The trend of the impedance signature with variation of the temperature during the soil freeze–thaw process was obtained. Moreover, the relationship between the energy index of the stress wave signal and the soil temperature was established based on wavelet packet energy analysis. The results demonstrate that the piezoceramic-based electromechanical impedance method is reliable for monitoring the soil freezing and thawing process.

Interfacial debonding detection in fiber-reinforced polymer rebar–reinforced concrete using electro-mechanical impedance technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijie Li ◽  
Shuli Fan ◽  
Siu Chun Michael Ho ◽  
Jianchao Wu ◽  
Gangbing Song
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Monitoring Technique

For reinforced concrete structures, the use of fiber-reinforced polymer rebars to replace the steel reinforcement is a topic that is receiving increasing attention, especially where corrosion is a serious issue. However, fiber-reinforced polymer rebar–reinforced concrete always carries the risk of structural failure initiated from the debonding damage that might occur at the reinforcement–concrete interface. This study employed an electro-mechanical impedance–based structural health monitoring technique by applying lead–zirconate–titanate ceramic patches to detect the debonding damage of a carbon fiber–reinforced polymer rebar reinforced concrete. In the experimental study, a carbon fiber–reinforced polymer rebar reinforced concrete specimen was fabricated and it was subjected to a pullout test to initiate the debonding damage at the reinforcement–concrete interface. The impedance and admittance signatures were measured from an impedance analyzer according to the different debonding conditions between the reinforcement and the concrete. Statistical damage metrics, root-mean-square deviation and mean absolute percentage deviation, were used to quantify the changes in impedance signatures measured at the lead–zirconate–titanate patches due to debonding conditions. The results illustrated the capability of the electro-mechanical impedance–based structural health monitoring technique for detecting the debonding damage of fiber-reinforced polymer rebar–reinforced concrete structures.

Estimate buried metal pipe length using PZT detected stress wave reflection

2020 ◽  
pp. 1045389X2096605
Author(s):  
Chuan Xu ◽  
Mingzhang Luo ◽  
Chuang Hei ◽  
Gangbing Song
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
Wavelet Denoising ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pipe Length ◽  
Metal Pipe ◽  
Metal Pipes ◽  
Reflected Signal

A roadway guardrail, as the driver’s last safety barrier, is an important part of a transportation system. The buried depth of the metal pipe directly determines the bearing capacity of the guardrail during an impact. It is important to estimate the buried depth during the inspection of a guardrail system. In this paper, we proposed an original method by integrating wavelet denoising, multiple self-correlation analysis (MSA) and energy spectrum analysis (ESA) to estimate the length of buried metal pipe based on the stress wave reflection. The stress wave is initiated by an impact on the exposed end of the buried pipe and stress wave reflection is detected by a PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) transducer. To execute the proposed method, firstly, Wavelet denoising is used to process the reflected stress wave signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Then, the MSA detects the major frequency of the reflected signal. At last, the ESA extracts the time interval between the reflected signal and the excitation signal with the help of Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) that acquires the frequency band where the reflected signal is located. Experimental verifications were carried out, and two different lengths of buried metal pipes are selected to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can accurately extract the length of buried metal pipes. The superiority of the proposed method over the traditional methods, such as Peak-Peak Discriminance (PPD) and Phase Analysis Method (PAM), is demonstrated by experimental comparative studies.

scholarly journals Real-Time Monitoring of Timber-Surface Crack Repair Using Piezoelectric Ceramics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Huien Meng ◽  
Wenwei Yang ◽  
Xia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Surface Crack ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramics ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Crack Repair

Real-time assessment of timber-surface crack repair is crucial to the stability and safety of timber structures. Epoxy resin was used to repair timber cracks, and the active sensing technique using piezoelectric ceramics was applied to monitor the repair process of timber surface cracks in real time. Sixteen wood samples were designed for axial compression tests and active monitoring tests. A pair of lead zirconate titanate patches was pasted on the surface of the timber specimens as actuators and sensors for signal transmission and reception, through wavelet packet analysis, the variations in the signal amplitude, and wavelet coefficients. The relationship between the wavelet packet energy of the monitoring signal and the ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens at different periods after grouting was established. Based on the root-mean-square deviation, the damage index, DI, was introduced to evaluate the repair degree of timber surface cracks quantitatively. The results showed that the active sensing method can evaluate the strength development in timber-surface crack repair in real time.

scholarly journals Prestress Monitoring of a Steel Strand in an Anchorage Connection Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Time Reversal Method

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Zhang ◽  
Liuyu Zhang ◽  
Laijun Liu ◽  
Linsheng Huo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Time Reversal ◽  
Stress Wave Propagation ◽  
Suspension Bridges ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Anchorage System ◽  
Steel Strand ◽  
Peak Value

Steel strands are widely used in cable stay or suspension bridges. The safety and stability of steel strands are important issues during their operation period. Steel strand is subjected to various types of prestress loss which loosens the wedge anchorage system, negatively impacting the stability of the structure and even leading to severe accidents. In this paper, the authors propose a time reversal (TR) method to monitor the looseness status of the wedge anchorage system by using stress wave based active sensing. As a commonly used piezoceramic material, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) with a strong piezoelectric effect is employed. In the proposed active sensing approach, PZT patches are used as sensors and actuators to monitor the steel strand looseness status. One PZT patch is bonded to the steel strand, one PZT patch is bonded to the wedges, and another PZT patch is bonded to the barrel. There are three different interfaces of the wedge anchorage system to monitor the steel strand looseness status. In the first method, the PZT patch on the steel strand is used as an actuator to generate a stress wave and the PZT patch on the wedge is used as a sensor to detect the propagated waves through the wedge anchorage system. In the second method, the PZT patch on the steel strand is used as an actuator to generate a stress wave and the PZT patch on the barrel is used as a sensor to detect the propagated waves through the wedge anchorage system. In the third method, the PZT patch on the wedges is used as an actuator to generate a stress wave and the PZT patches on the barrel is used as a sensor to detect the propagated waves through the wedge anchorage system, of which the looseness will directly impact the stress wave propagation. The TR method is utilized to analyze the transmitted signal between PZT patches through the wedge anchorage system. Compared with the peak values of the TR focused signals, it can be found that the peak value increases as the wedge anchorage system tightness increases. Therefore, the peak value of the TR focused signal can be used to monitor the tightness of the steel strand. In addition, the experimental results demonstrated the time reversal method’s reliability, sensitivity and anti-noise property.

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