Interferometric surface-wave isolation and removal

The removal of surface waves (ground roll) from land seismic data is critical in seismic processing because these waves tend to mask informative body-wave arrivals. Removal becomes difficult when surface waves are scattered, and data quality is often impaired. We apply a method of seismic interferometry, using both sources and receivers at the surface, to estimate the surface-wave component of the Green’s function between any two points. These estimates are subtracted adaptively from seismic survey data, providing a new method of ground-roll removal that is not limited to nonscattering regions.

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Interferometric ground-roll removal: Attenuation of scattered surface waves in single-sensor data

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.3360948 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. SA15-SA25 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

David F. Halliday ◽

Andrew Curtis ◽

Peter Vermeer ◽

Claudio Strobbia ◽

Anna Glushchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Wave ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Seismic Data ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Seismic Survey ◽

Seismic Interferometry ◽

Near Surface ◽

Reflection Data ◽

Ground Roll ◽

Single Sensor

Land seismic data are contaminated by surface waves (or ground roll). These surface waves are a form of source-generated noise and can be strongly scattered by near-surface heterogeneities. The resulting scattered ground roll can be particularly difficult to separate from the desired reflection data, especially when this scattered ground roll propagates in the crossline direction. We have used seismic interferometry to estimate scattered surface waves, recorded during an exploration seismic survey, between pairs of receiver locations. Where sources and receivers coincide, these interreceiver surface-wave estimates were adaptively subtracted from the data. This predictive-subtraction process can successfully attenuate scattered surface waves while preserving the valuable reflected arrivals, forming a new method of scattered ground-roll attenuation. We refer to this as interferometric ground-roll removal.

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Guided Surface Waves on an Elastic Half Space

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.3408973 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 899-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. B. Freund

Keyword(s):

Wave Propagation ◽

Surface Wave ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Half Space ◽

Body Wave ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Elastic Half Space ◽

Normal Displacement ◽

Rigid Barrier ◽

Wave Disturbances

Three-dimensional wave propagation in an elastic half space is considered. The half space is traction free on half its boundary, while the remaining part of the boundary is free of shear traction and is constrained against normal displacement by a smooth, rigid barrier. A time-harmonic surface wave, traveling on the traction free part of the surface, is obliquely incident on the edge of the barrier. The amplitude and the phase of the resulting reflected surface wave are determined by means of Laplace transform methods and the Wiener-Hopf technique. Wave propagation in an elastic half space in contact with two rigid, smooth barriers is then considered. The barriers are arranged so that a strip on the surface of uniform width is traction free, which forms a wave guide for surface waves. Results of the surface wave reflection problem are then used to geometrically construct dispersion relations for the propagation of unattenuated guided surface waves in the guiding structure. The rate of decay of body wave disturbances, localized near the edges of the guide, is discussed.

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3D elastic full-waveform inversion of surface waves in the presence of irregular topography using an envelope-based misfit function

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/geo2017-0081.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. R1-R11 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Dmitry Borisov ◽

Ryan Modrak ◽

Fuchun Gao ◽

Jeroen Tromp

Keyword(s):

Surface Wave ◽

Objective Function ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Large Scale ◽

Body Wave ◽

Waveform Inversion ◽

Full Waveform Inversion ◽

S Wave ◽

Near Surface ◽

Full Waveform

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a powerful method for estimating the earth’s material properties. We demonstrate that surface-wave-driven FWI is well-suited to recovering near-surface structures and effective at providing S-wave speed starting models for use in conventional body-wave FWI. Using a synthetic example based on the SEG Advanced Modeling phase II foothills model, we started with an envelope-based objective function to invert for shallow large-scale heterogeneities. Then we used a waveform-difference objective function to obtain a higher-resolution model. To accurately model surface waves in the presence of complex tomography, we used a spectral-element wave-propagation solver. Envelope misfit functions are found to be effective at minimizing cycle-skipping issues in surface-wave inversions, and surface waves themselves are found to be useful for constraining complex near-surface features.

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LONG‐PERIOD SIGNAL PROCESSING RESULTS FOR THE LARGE APERTURE SEISMIC ARRAY

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1440014 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 305-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. Capon ◽

R. J. Greenfield ◽

R. T. Lacoss

Keyword(s):

Signal Processing ◽

Surface Wave ◽

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Body Wave ◽

Seismic Array ◽

Seismic Events ◽

Long Period ◽

Large Aperture ◽

Period Data

The results of a series of off‐line signal processing experiments are presented for long‐period data obtained from the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) located in eastern Montana. The signal‐to‐noise ratio gains obtained with maximum‐likelihood processing, as well as other simpler forms of processing, are presented for body‐wave as well as surface‐wave phases. A discussion of the frequency‐wavenumber characteristics of the noise which led to these results is also given. On the basis of these experiments, several recommendations are made concerning optimum long‐period array configurations and on‐line or off‐line processing methods. The usefulness of maximum‐likelihood processing in suppressing an interfering teleseism is demonstrated. An experiment is given in which maximum‐likelihood processing achieved about 20 db suppression of an interfering teleseism, while simpler forms of processing such as beam‐forming obtained about 11 db. The matched filtering of surface waves using chirp waveforms is shown to be highly effective. A useful discriminant for distinguishing between natural seismic events and underground nuclear explosions, using both the long‐period and short‐period data, was found to be the relationship between the surface‐wave and body‐wave magnitudes. Measurements of this discriminant made on events from four tectonic regions of the earth are presented. It is shown that 60 and 100 percent detectability of surface waves for natural seismic events from the Central Asian‐Kurile Islands‐Kamchatka region occurs at about LASA body‐wave magnitudes 4.5 and 4.9, respectively.

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Geophone array formation and semblance evaluation

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.2159055 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. Q1-Q8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mitchell S. Craig ◽

Ronald L. Genter

Keyword(s):

Data Quality ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Seismic Data ◽

Permian Basin ◽

Trapped Waves ◽

Data Set ◽

Array Design ◽

West Texas ◽

Scattered Energy ◽

Array Performance

The performance of a variety of areal geophone arrays was evaluated using seismic data recorded on a dense receiver grid in a walkaway survey conducted in the Permian Basin of west Texas. Surface waves, trapped waves, and scattered energy have long been recognized as a significant noise problem in this area. Arrays were formed by extracting sets of traces from the main data set and stacking them to produce individual traces of a receiver gather. We calculated semblance of each receiver gather to evaluate array performance. High values of semblance indicate that an array effectively removes surface waves while preserving reflections. Differences in data quality associated with variations in geophone-array design are often subtle and difficult to discern through simple inspection of field records. By calculating frequency-dependent semblance, we were able to detect and quantify differences in array performance.

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THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC MODEL STUDIES

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1438118 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 19-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. K. Levin ◽

H. C. Hibbard

Keyword(s):

Wave Propagation ◽

Surface Wave ◽

Elastic Wave ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Shear Waves ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Seismic Model ◽

Model Studies ◽

Ground Roll ◽

Detector Configurations

Elastic wave propagation in a two‐layer section has been studied with a solid two‐bed model and records resembling seismograms obtained for the four possible source‐detector configurations. Numerous events are identified. Among these, the shear waves are found to be surprisingly prominent. The amplitude of the ground roll falls off approximately as [Formula: see text] This is the amplitude‐range dependence expected for a surface wave. The ability of two in‐line detectors to reduce surface waves has been demonstrated.

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Application of Seismic Interferometry by Multidimensional Deconvolution to Earthquake Data Recorded in Malargüe, Argentina

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13234818 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4818

Author(s):

Faezeh Shirmohammadi ◽

Deyan Draganov ◽

Mohammad Reza Hatami ◽

Cornelis Weemstra

Keyword(s):

Surface Wave ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Power Spectra ◽

Site Amplification ◽

Seismic Array ◽

Seismic Interferometry ◽

Seismic Responses ◽

Central Chile ◽

Earthquake Data

Seismic interferometry (SI) refers to the principle of generating new seismic responses using crosscorrelations of existing wavefield recordings. In this study, we report on the use of a specific interferometric approach, called seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution (SI by MDD), for the purpose of retrieving surface-wave responses. In theory, SI by MDD suffers less from irregularities in the distribution of (passive) sources than conventional SI. Here, we confirm this advantage for the application to surface waves originating from regional earthquakes close to Central Chile. For that purpose, we use the Malargüe seismic array in Argentina. This T-shaped array consists of two perpendicular lines of stations, which makes it rather suitable for the application of SI by MDD. Comparing the responses retrieved through SI by MDD to the responses retrieved using conventional SI, we find that the application of SI by MDD results in surface-wave responses that are both more accurate and more stable than surface-wave responses that are retrieved using conventional SI. That is, our results demonstrate that SI by MDD suffers less from non-uniformly distributed earthquakes and differences in the power spectra of earthquake responses. In addition, we show that SI by MDD mitigates the effect of site amplification on the retrieved surface waves.

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Long Beach 3D Seismic Survey: Data Mining Continuous Passive Seismic Data

4th EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop ◽

10.3997/2214-4609.20142340 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

D. Hollis ◽

C. Cox ◽

R. Clayton ◽

F. Lin ◽

D. Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Survey Data ◽

Seismic Data ◽

Seismic Survey ◽

3D Seismic ◽

Long Beach ◽

Passive Seismic

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Near-surface site investigation by seismic interferometry using urban traffic noise in Singapore

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/geo2017-0798.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. B169-B180 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Yunhuo Zhang ◽

Yunyue Elita Li ◽

Heng Zhang ◽

Taeseo Ku

Keyword(s):

Surface Wave ◽

Traffic Noise ◽

Site Investigation ◽

Urban Traffic ◽

Seismic Survey ◽

Seismic Interferometry ◽

Surface Site ◽

Near Surface ◽

Passive Seismic ◽

Urban Traffic Noise

We have evaluated a field test in the city of Singapore to assess the feasibility of the passive seismic survey for bedrock depth determination and to further investigate the optimal acquisition parameters. The ambient noise field, dominated by urban traffic noise, is recorded passively for the application of seismic interferometry. Spectral analysis indicates that the traffic-induced noise by local roads is concentrated between 3 and 25 Hz. We use multiple signal classification beamforming for wavefield direction of propagation analysis. We apply seismic interferometry to retrieve the surface-wave part of the Green’s functions, based on which surface-wave dispersion relations are extracted and further inverted for 1D S-wave velocity profiles. Subsequently, we compare the inversion results from seismic interferometry with borehole logs at multiple sites in Singapore and establish that the bedrock depths are well-determined using passive seismic methods within a maximum error of 3 m. By investigating the convergence of the crosscorrelograms, we ascertain that the best compromise of cost, efficiency, and accuracy for a passive site investigation in Singapore can be achieved in 15 min in the morning of a working day using an array as short as 30 m with six vertical geophones, although these parameters should be reinvestigated at other sites and other times. The success of this case study demonstrates that accurate near-surface site investigation can be achieved with faster acquisition, fewer receivers, and a smaller acquisition footprint compared with conventional methods, all of which improve the efficiency particularly in a highly developed urban environment.

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Multichannel analysis of surface waves

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1444590 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 800-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 1271

Author(s):

Choon B. Park ◽

Richard D. Miller ◽

Jianghai Xia

Keyword(s):

Surface Wave ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Dispersion Curve ◽

Shear Wave ◽

Wave Velocity ◽

Shear Wave Velocity ◽

Frequency Component ◽

Multichannel Recording ◽

Phase Velocities ◽

Ground Roll

The frequency‐dependent properties of Rayleigh‐type surface waves can be utilized for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Most surface‐wave analysis relies on the accurate calculation of phase velocities for the horizontally traveling fundamental‐mode Rayleigh wave acquired by stepping out a pair of receivers at intervals based on calculated ground roll wavelengths. Interference by coherent source‐generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear‐wave velocities determined through inversion of the whole wave field. Among these nonplanar, nonfundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and nonsource‐generated surface waves, and higher‐mode surface waves. The degree to which each of these types of noise contaminates the dispersion curve and, ultimately, the inverted shear‐wave velocity profile is dependent on frequency as well as distance from the source. Multichannel recording permits effective identification and isolation of noise according to distinctive trace‐to‐trace coherency in arrival time and amplitude. An added advantage is the speed and redundancy of the measurement process. Decomposition of a multichannel record into a time variable‐frequency format, similar to an uncorrelated Vibroseis record, permits analysis and display of each frequency component in a unique and continuous format. Coherent noise contamination can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space. Separation of frequency components permits real‐time maximization of the S/N ratio during acquisition and subsequent processing steps. Linear separation of each ground roll frequency component allows calculation of phase velocities by simply measuring the linear slope of each frequency component. Breaks in coherent surface‐wave arrivals, observable on the decomposed record, can be compensated for during acquisition and processing. Multichannel recording permits single‐measurement surveying of a broad depth range, high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration, and the ability to adjust the offset, effectively reducing random or nonlinear noise introduced during recording. A multichannel shot gather decomposed into a swept‐frequency record allows the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve. The accuracy of dispersion curves determined using this method is proven through field comparisons of the inverted shear‐wave velocity ([Formula: see text]) profile with a downhole [Formula: see text] profile.

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