Detecting the propped fracture by injection of magnetic proppant during fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is key to enhancing the productivity of shale and tight hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as geothermal resources from hot dry rock. Assessing the range and efficiency of hydraulic fracturing is very important for onsite fracturing operations and decision making on subsequent fracturing plans and well-pattern deployment. The idea of injecting fluid mixed with magnetic material into a formation to detect subterranean structure has been considered for a long time. The detectability of the characteristics of propped fractures using magnetic field measurement is discussed and evaluated with an analytical model. The magnetic proppants synthesized with superparamagnetic nanoparticles should be “silent” during injection and could be activated by an external current. By measuring the magnetic field before and after the fracture was created and the magnetic proppants were magnetized, the magnetic anomalies can be obtained. The result indicates that the magnetic field caused by a fracture filled with magnetic proppants is very weak, so that magnetometers with higher precision and resolution should be used to capture such subtle signal. The higher susceptibility contrast of the magnetic nanoparticles is, the stronger external magnetic induction field could be detected. It is suggested that the superparamagnetic nanomaterial with effective magnetic susceptibility contrast of greater than 0.4–0.5 should be used for fracture monitoring in deep wells. To infer the fracture characteristics with the magnetic anomaly, the ground and adjacent wells’ monitoring practices are recommended.

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First in-orbit results of the vector magnetic field measurement of the High Precision Magnetometer onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/s40623-019-1098-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bin Zhou ◽

Bingjun Cheng ◽

Xiaochen Gou ◽

Lei Li ◽

Yiteng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

High Precision ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Vector Data ◽

Magnetic Field Data ◽

Night Side ◽

The Difference ◽

The Magnetic Field ◽

Ground Calibration ◽

Data Calibration

Abstract The High Precision Magnetometer (HPM) is one of the main payloads onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). The HPM consists of two Fluxgate Magnetometers (FGM) and the Coupled Dark State Magnetometer (CDSM), and measures the magnetic field from DC to 15 Hz. The FGMs measure the vector components of the magnetic field; while the CDSM detects the magnitude of the magnetic field with higher accuracy, which can be used to calibrate the linear parameters of the FGM. In this paper, brief descriptions of measurement principles and performances of the HPM, ground, and in-orbit calibration results of the FGMs are presented, including the thermal drift and magnetic interferences from the satellite. The HPM in-orbit vector data calibration includes two steps: sensor non-linearity corrections based on on-ground calibration and fluxgate linear parameter calibration based on the CDSM measurements. The calibration results show a reasonably good stability of the linear parameters over time. The difference between the field magnitude calculated from the calibrated FGM components and the magnitude directly measured by the CDSM is just 0.5 nT (1σ) when the linear parameters are fitted separately for the day- and the night-side. Satellite disturbances have been analyzed including soft and hard remanence as well as magnetization of the magnetic torquer, radiation from the Tri-Band Beacon, and interferences from the rotation of the solar wing. A comparison shows consistency between the HPM and SWARM magnetic field data. Observation examples are introduced in the paper, which show that HPM data can be used to survey the global geomagnetic field and monitor the magnetic field disturbances in the ionosphere.

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Diurnal variation effect in marine magnetometric surveys: clues from surveys in southeast Brazil

Marine Geophysical Research ◽

10.1007/s11001-021-09449-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Possamai Sergipe ◽

Yára Regina Marangoni ◽

Roberto Paulo Zanon dos Santos ◽

Denise Silva de Moura ◽

Luigi Jovane

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Continental Shelf ◽

Diurnal Variation ◽

Brazilian Coast ◽

Observatory Data ◽

Before And After ◽

Corrected Data ◽

Well Correlation ◽

The Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Observatories

AbstractThe diurnal variation of the magnetic field cannot be predicted or modeled and for that reason, it is monitored during the magnetic surveys, usually by a stationary magnetometer. However, marine surveys have a practical issue with diurnal monitoring, owing to the distance between the survey, stationary magnetometers, and magnetic observatories. This work aims to verify the use of nearby magnetic observatories to estimate the diurnal variation correction in different marine surveys and evaluate its effectiveness. In this study, we selected surveys at the continental shelf near Santos city (Survey 1), continental slope next to the first survey location (Survey 2), continental shelf near Ubatuba city (Survey 3), and Mamanguá ria in the Paraty city (Survey 4), all southeast to the Brazilian coast. The crossing points were implemented to compare the magnetic field values at different times and days at the same measurement point, before and after the correction. Afterwards, we measure the Pearson’s Correlation of the raw data and the diurnal corrected data in all crossing points of each survey which showed an improvement after correction by the value approximating to 1, which indicates a very well correlation. The Ubatuba and Mamanguá surveys allowed comparing the observatory correction results with the base magnetometer results that were rather similar. Our analyses indicate a satisfactory diurnal correction using the observatory data and the crossing points approach, which can be used for every marine magnetometric survey worldwide placed near the coast (< 280 km) that do not have a stationary magnetometer available.

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Magnetic Recording Method (MRM) for Nondestructive Evaluation of Ferromagnetic Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020630 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 630

Author(s):

Tomasz Chady ◽

Ryszard D. Łukaszuk ◽

Krzysztof Gorący ◽

Marek J. Żwir

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Recording ◽

Permanent Magnets ◽

Steel Structure ◽

Standard Technique ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Recording Method ◽

Nondestructive Testing Method ◽

The Magnetic Field

This paper proposes and experimentally investigates a novel nondestructive testing method for ferromagnetic elements monitoring, the Magnetic Recording Method (MRM). In this method, the inspected element must be magnetized in a strictly defined manner before operation. This can be achieved using an array of permanent magnets arranged to produce a quasi-sinusoidal magnetization path. The magnetic field caused by the original residual magnetization of the element is measured and stored for future reference. After the operation or loading, the magnetic field measurement is repeated. Analysis of relative changes in the magnetic field (for selected components) allows identifying applied stress. The proposed research methodology aims to provide information on the steel structure condition unambiguously and accurately. An interpretation of the results without referring to the original magnetization is also possible but could be less accurate. The method can be used as a standard technique for NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) or in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems.

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Attitude Estimation of Underwater Vehicles Using Field Measurements and Bias Compensation

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19020330 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 330 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nak Ko ◽

Seokki Jeong ◽

Suk-seung Hwang ◽

Jae-Young Pyun

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Measurement ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Underwater Vehicle ◽

Field Vector ◽

Attitude Estimation ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Euler Angles ◽

Measured Field ◽

The Magnetic Field

This paper proposes a method of estimating the attitude of an underwater vehicle. The proposed method uses two field measurements, namely, a gravitational field and a magnetic field represented in terms of vectors in three-dimensional space. In many existing methods that convert the measured field vectors into Euler angles, the yaw accuracy is affected by the uncertainty of the gravitational measurement and by the uncertainty of the magnetic field measurement. Additionally, previous methods have used the magnetic field measurement under the assumption that the magnetic field has only a horizontal component. The proposed method utilizes all field measurement components as they are, without converting them into Euler angles. The bias in the measured magnetic field vector is estimated and compensated to take full advantage of all measured field vector components. Because the proposed method deals with the measured field independently, uncertainties in the measured vectors affect the attitude estimation separately without adding up. The proposed method was tested by conducting navigation experiments with an unmanned underwater vehicle inside test tanks. The results were compared with those obtained by other methods, wherein the Euler angles converted from the measured field vectors were used as measurements.

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The Magnetic Field Measurement Systems for a Cryogenic Undulator and a Superconducting Undulator at SSRF

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1067/8/082016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1067 ◽

pp. 082016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H.F. Wang ◽

J.M. Zhang ◽

M. F. Qian ◽

W. Zhang ◽

Yi. Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Measurement ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

The Magnetic Field

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Magnetic Field Measurements during Magnetic Pulse Welding Using CMR-B-Scalar Sensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20205925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5925

Author(s):

Voitech Stankevic ◽

Joern Lueg-Althoff ◽

Marlon Hahn ◽

A. Erman Tekkaya ◽

Nerija Zurauskiene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Colossal Magnetoresistance ◽

Welding Process ◽

Nondestructive Method ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Magnetic Pulse ◽

Magnetic Pulse Welding ◽

Pulse Welding ◽

The Magnetic Field

The possibility of applying CMR-B-scalar sensors made from thin manganite films exhibiting the colossal magnetoresistance effect as a fast-nondestructive method for the evaluation of the quality of the magnetic pulse welding (MPW) process is investigated in this paper. This method based on magnetic field magnitude measurements in the vicinity of the tools and joining parts was tested during the electromagnetic compression and MPW of an aluminum flyer tube with a steel parent. The testing setup used for the investigation allowed the simultaneous measurement of the flyer displacement, its velocity, and the magnitude of the magnetic field close to the flyer. The experimental results and simulations showed that, during the welding of the aluminum tube with the steel parent, the maximum magnetic field in the gap between the field shaper and the flyer is achieved much earlier than the maximum of the current pulse of the coil and that the first half-wave pulse of the magnetic field has two peaks. It was also found that the time instant of the minimum between these peaks depends on the charging energy of the capacitors and is associated with the collision of the flyer with the parent. Together with the first peak maximum and its time-position, this characteristic could be an indication of the welding quality. These results were confirmed by simultaneous measurements of the flyer displacement and velocity, as well as a numerical simulation of the magnetic field dynamics. The relationship between the peculiarities of the magnetic field pulse and the quality of the welding process is discussed. It was demonstrated that the proposed method of magnetic field measurement during magnetic pulse welding in combination with subsequent peel testing could be used as a nondestructive method for the monitoring of the quality of the welding process.

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A rotating coil probe for the magnetic field measurement on a long pulsed tokamak

Review of Scientific Instruments ◽

10.1063/1.1149281 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 445-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Fujita ◽

K. Matsuura ◽

K. Kawahata ◽

S. Fujiwaka ◽

S. Itoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Measurement ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

The Magnetic Field

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Development of a double magnetic circuit yield stress measurement device for magnetorheological fluid

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures ◽

10.1177/1045389x16667557 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 1249-1259 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiang-Fan Wu ◽

Xing-Ming Xiao ◽

Zu-Zhi Tian ◽

Fei Chen ◽

Jian Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Yield Stress ◽

Magnetic Circuit ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Magnetorheological Fluid ◽

High Yield ◽

Magnetic Field Measurement ◽

Measurement Device ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability ◽

The Magnetic Field

On the basis of shear working mode of magnetorheological fluid, in this article, a novel temperature controllable yield stress measurement device is designed, and the double magnetic circuit structure and the heating structure are proposed. And then, the magnetic field and temperature field of the measurement device are simulated, respectively, by the finite element method. Furthermore, several experiments are carried out to evaluate the magnetic field, measurement precision, and repeatability of the self-designed device. The results indicate that the proposed measurement device has uniform magnetic field distribution and controllable temperature and also has high yield stress testing accuracy and repeatability.

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