Sleeping Pills and Dream Content

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (583) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Firth
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Dream Content ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleeping Pills ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Natural Pattern

Almost all sleep-promoting drugs distort the natural pattern of sleep by suppressing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and cause a rebound to above-normal values on withdrawal which typically lasts about six weeks (Oswald, 1968, 1969). Furthermore, barbiturates reduce the number of eye movements per unit time in REM sleep (Oswald et al., 1963; Baekeland, 1967; Lester et al., 1968; Feinberg et al., 1969), with a rebound in eye movement (EM) profusion on withdrawal (Oswald, 1970). Non-barbiturate hypnotics do likewise, also with a rebound in EM profusion on withdrawal (Allen et al., 1968; Lewis, 1968).

scholarly journals THE MYSTERY OF DREAMING AND REM SLEEP

MANASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Anton Coenen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Dream Content ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Dream Theory ◽  
Reliable Interpretation ◽  
Latent Content

Sleep is usually related to dreaming. However, it is still unknown why people dream and what is the importance of having a dream. This article will explore previous theories regarding dreaming and its association with REM sleep. The earliest research on sleeping and dreaming was marked by Eugene Aserinsky and professor Nathaniel Kleitman, which found a new stage of sleep called rapid eye movement or REM sleep. Then William Dement developed more research specifically in the field of dream observation. Both Aserinsky and Dement, along with Kleitman as their supervisor, became pioneers in sleep and dream studies. More studies were then developed with theory and hypothesis that tried to explain the mystery of dreaming, such as psychoanalytical dream theory and the activation – synthesis hypothesis. Despite both perspectives were opposed, those studies helped researcher in the field of dream to understand the relation between dreaming and REM sleep. Future research is needed in order to conduct a reliable interpretation of the manifest dream content and a stronger scientific basis in understanding the latent content of the dream.

Differential activation within costal diaphragm during rapid-eye-movement sleep in cats

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hendricks ◽  
L. R. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Differential Activation ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Spike Patterns ◽  
Respiratory Generator

Simultaneous recordings of the diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) were made from two separate regions of the costal diaphragm in six normal cats. The diaphragmatic activities were always synchronous and the amplitudes and rates of rise were similar during slow-wave sleep. In contrast, during natural rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, different activity was often present in the two leads. These differences were in the time of onset and offset, as well as in the amplitude and spike patterns, and occurred in approximately 5-20% of the diaphragmatic bursts averaged over the entire REM sleep period. With respect to eye movement density, the rate of differential activation was higher during periods of high density (26%) than in the absence of eye movements (1%) in the four animals for which these data were available. Differential activation of portions of the costal diaphragm is apparently a normal event of REM sleep. This could result from descending state-specific phasic neuronal activity that bypasses the medullary respiratory generator. Differential activation of portions of the diaphragm could contribute to disordered ventilation during REM sleep.

scholarly journals Regional low-frequency oscillations in human rapid-eye movement sleep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Bernardi ◽  
Monica Betta ◽  
Emiliano Ricciardi ◽  
Pietro Pietrini ◽  
Giulio Tononi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Low Frequency Oscillations

AbstractAlthough the EEG slow wave of sleep is typically considered to be a hallmark of Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, recent work in mice has shown that slow waves can also occur in REM sleep. Here we investigated the presence and cortical distribution of low-frequency (1-4 Hz) oscillations in human REM sleep by analyzing high-density EEG sleep recordings obtained in 28 healthy subjects. We identified two clusters of low-frequency oscillations with distinctive properties: 1) a fronto-central cluster characterized by ∼2.5-3.0 Hz, relatively large, notched delta waves (so-called ‘sawtooth waves’) that tended to occur in bursts, were associated with increased gamma activity and rapid eye movements, and upon source modeling, displayed an occipito-temporal and a fronto-central component; and 2) a medial occipital cluster characterized by more isolated, slower (<2 Hz) and smaller waves that were not associated with rapid eye movements, displayed a negative correlation with gamma activity and were also found in NREM sleep. Thus, low-frequency oscillations are an integral part of REM sleep in humans, and the two identified subtypes (sawtooth and medial-occipital slow waves) may reflect distinct generation mechanisms and functional roles. Sawtooth waves, which are exclusive to REM sleep, share many characteristics with ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves described in animals and may represent the human equivalent or a closely related event while medio-occipital slow waves appear similar to NREM sleep slow waves.

scholarly journals Generating Timed Artificial Dream Action(TADA) as the Inverse Process of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. El-dosuky
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Dream Interpretation ◽  
Dream Content ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
Memory Contents ◽  
Why Questions

Apart from being an audacious attempt and a masterpiece, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams has provoked controversy since its publication. After the neurological linkage between Rapid Eye Movement(REM) sleep and dreams, many hypotheses are proposed focusing on REM or its accompanied dreams.This paper reviews recent discoveries regarding the neuro-cognitive aspects ofsleep,dreaming,and emotions as a dream ingredient.This paper assumes that a dream content is decomposable into a sequence of Timed Artificial Dream Actions (TADAs) and that dream interpretation resembles the ability of an expert system explaining HOW and WHY questions. Freud tried to answer WHY each dream ingredient is being incorporated. The inverse of this process is to answer HOW a TADA is formed, and it is the concern of this paper.Based on dream-contents, an operational model for dream ingredients is proposed.The proposed TADA generator, nicknamed Oneiros, is decomposed into three modules Morpheus, Phantasos and Phobetor.Morpheus is responsible for the lexical processing of memory contents, in order to perform tasks such as extracting objects, emotions associated with objects, and any object alterations.Phobetor is responsible for extracting viewer emotions, and phobetic-specific aspects.Phantasos is responsible for the actual generation of a TADA.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Daily Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Tiana Broen ◽  
Tomiko Yoneda ◽  
Jonathan Rush ◽  
Jamie Knight ◽  
Nathan Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Previous cross-sectional research suggests that age-related decreases in Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) sleep may contribute to poorer cognitive functioning (CF); however, few studies have examined the relationship at the intraindividual level by measuring habitual sleep over multiple days. Applying a 14-day daily diary design, the current study examines the dynamic relationship between REM sleep and CF in 69 healthy older adults (M age=70.8 years, SD=3.37; 73.9% female; 66.6% completed at least an undergraduate degree). A Fitbit device provided actigraphy indices of REM sleep (minutes and percentage of total sleep time), while CF was measured four times daily on a smartphone via ambulatory cognitive tests that captured processing speed and working memory. This research addressed the following questions: At the within-person level, are fluctuations in quantity of REM sleep associated with fluctuations in next day cognitive measures across days? Do individuals who spend more time in REM sleep on average, perform better on cognitive tests than adults who spend less time in REM sleep? A series of multilevel models were fit to examine the extent to which each index of sleep accounted for daily fluctuations in performance on next day cognitive tests. Results indicated that during nights when individuals had more REM sleep minutes than was typical, they performed better on the working memory task the next morning (estimate = -.003, SE = .002, p = .02). These results highlight the impact of REM sleep on CF, and further research may allow for targeted interventions for earlier treatment of sleep-related cognitive impairment.

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