Schizophrenia with Good and Poor Outcome II: Cerebral Ventricular Size and its Clinical Significance

1985 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Williams ◽  
M. A. Reveley ◽  
T. Kolakowska ◽  
M. Ardern ◽  
B. M. Mandelbrote
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
Duration Of Illness

SummaryComputed tomography brain scans were carried out on 40 patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder of 2–20 years duration. Ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) was significantly greater than that of the control group. In six patients the VBR exceeded the control mean + 2 s.d. Among the 13 whose VBR was more than 1 s.d. above the control mean, none had schizo-affective disorder, all but one had chronic illness, and patients with negative symptoms and those with premorbid schizoid traits were over-represented. VBR was unrelated to medical history, age, duration of illness, or neuroleptic treatment. It was not associated with neurological ‘soft’ signs or cognitive deficit. Among chronic patients, clinical features showed no association with ventricular size. The findings suggest that large ventricles may be related to a sub-type of chronic schizophrenia rather than to its particular clinical features.

Three Syndromes in Chronic Schizophrenia

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S7) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Liddle ◽  
Thomas R.E. Barnes ◽  
D. Morris ◽  
S. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Brain Abnormality ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

In recent years, exploration of the distinction between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia has provided a fruitful basis for attempts to relate the clinical features of schizophrenia to the accumulating evidence of brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. By 1982, there was an extensive body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that negative schizophrenic symptoms, such as poverty of speech and flatness of affect, were associated with substantial brain abnormalities, such as increased ventricular to brain ratio, and extensive cognitive impairment (Crow, 1980; Andreasen & Olsen, 1982). However, at that stage there were several fundamental unanswered questions about the nature of negative symptoms, and their relationship to indices of brain abnormality. This paper presents some findings of a series of studies initiated in 1982 to seek answers to some of these questions.

Tardive Dyskinesia and Type II Schizophrenia

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. B. Davis ◽  
Milind Borde ◽  
L. N. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Formal Thought Disorder ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Male Patients

Cognitive impairment, negative and positive symptoms, primitive release reflexes, and age/temporal disorientation were assessed in 20 male patients meeting the DSM–III–R criteria for chronic schizophrenia and Schooler & Kane's criteria for TD. The control group comprised 20 age-matched male chronic schizophrenic patients without TD. Significant associations were found between TD, cognitive impairment, some negative symptoms, and formal thought disorder. These associations were independent of other illness and treatment variables. The severity of TD correlated significantly with that of cognitive impairment.

The Study of the Antisaccade Performance and Contingent Negative Variation Characteristics in First-Episode and Chronic Schizophrenia Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Kirenskaya ◽  
Andrej A. Tkachenco ◽  
Vladimir Yu. Novototsky-Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Contingent Negative Variation ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Latency Variability ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Functional Deterioration

AbstractThe study tested whether the antisaccade (AS) performance and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) measures differed between the first-episode and chronic patients to provide the evidence of PFC progressive functional deterioration. Subjects included 15 first-episode and 20 chronic schizophrenic patients (with the duration of illness more than 5 years), and 21 control subjects. The first-episode and chronic patients had significantly elevated error percent (p < .05, effect size 1.10 and p < .001, effect size 1.25), increased AS latencies (p < .01, effect size 1.18 and p < .001, effect size 1.69), and increased latencies variability (p < .01, effect size 1.52 and p < .001, effect size 1.37) compared to controls. Chronic patients had marginally significant increase of the response latency (p = .086, effect size .78) and latency variability (p < .099, effect size .63) compared to first-episode ones. Results of CNV analysis revealed that chronic patients only exhibited robustly declined frontal CNV amplitude at Fz (p < .05, effect size .70), F3 (p < .05, effect size .88), and F4 (p < .05, effect size .71) sites compared to controls. The obtained results might be related to specific changes in prefrontal cortex function over the course of schizophrenia.

Negative Symptoms in Chronic Schizophrenia Relationship to Duration of Illness

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen Ring ◽  
Digby Tantam ◽  
Linda Montague ◽  
Julie Morris
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Symptom Scores

The frequency and distribution of negative symptoms in a sample of 40 patients admitted to hospital with RDC-definite schizophrenia were examined. There was a highly significant positive correlation between negative symptom scores obtained using three different rating scales, but the presence of negative symptoms was not significantly related to duration of illness or number of episodes of illness. These findings do not support a model of negative symptoms being the consequence of schizophrenic relapse, but are in favour of their being an integral component of the schizophrenic syndrome, as salient in the first as in later episodes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of paliperidone on social function in patients with chronic schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. e000011
Author(s):  
Yan Gu ◽  
Hong Peng ◽  
Jingjing Dai ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
Xianghong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Grouping Effect ◽  
The Difference

BackgroundThe impairment of social function is widespread in the patients with chronic schizophrenia, which seriously affects family, life and work conditions.AimsThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of paliperidone in the treatment of social function in chronic schizophrenia.MethodsA total of 81 patients who met the standard criteria for schizophrenia and long-term hospitalised inpatients were randomly divided into the treatment group and normal control group following a 1- year prospective follow-up study. The reatment group (41 cases) used paliperidone extended-release tablets for reducing dosage, as appropriate, based on the original treatment strategy; and the control group (40 cases) used the former drugs. All patients were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scales (PANSS), and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) was used to assess adverse drug reactions. The Hospitalised Psychiatric Patients’ Social Functions Rating Scale (SSPI) was used to assess social function of participants before and after 8  weeks, 6  months and 1 year of treatment.ResultsAt baseline there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, duration of illness, educational background and dosage of antipsychotic drugs (converted into chlorpromazine equivalency). There was statistically significant difference in PANSS positive symptoms by interaction effect (Fgroup×time=18.24, df=3237, p<0.001) and time effect (Ftime=21.66, df=3, p<0.01) and the difference in PANSS positive symptoms by grouping effect (Fgroup=0.68, df=1, p=0.41) was not statistically significant. The difference of grouping effect of PANSS negative symptoms (Fgroup=9.93, df=1, p=0.002), time effect (Ftime=279.15, df=3, p<0.001) and interaction effect (Fgroup×time=279.15, df=3237, p<0.001) were statistically significant. There were statistically significant differences in the grouping effect (Fgroup=6.59, df=1, p=0.012), time effect (Ftime=152.97, df=3, p<0.001) and interaction effect (Fgroup×time=148.82, df=3237, p<0.001) of PANSS general pathological symptoms, the same as the total score of the PANSS, which showed large differences in grouping effect (Fgroup=7.04, df=1, p=0.001), time effect (Ftime=210.78, df=3, p<0.001) and interaction effect (Fgroup×time=205.20, df=3237, p<0.01). We found in the total SSPI score, grouping effect (Fgroup=31.70, df=1, p<0.001), time effect (Ftime=161.84, df=3, p<0.001) and interaction effect (Fgroup×time=132.74, df=3237, p<0.001) were demonstrated to be significantly different. Even though adverse reactions occurred 7 times in the treatment group and 44 times in the control group based on the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS), incidence rate was significantly lower than that of the control group (χ²=18.854, p<0.001).ConclusionPaliperidone can safely and effectively improve negative symptoms and social function in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Two kinds of cognitive deficit associated with chronic schizophrenia

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Frith
Keyword(s):  
Feature Selection ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Normal Degree ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

SynopsisThe performance of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients was investigated on two tests of feature selection. It was found that patients with negative symptoms (muteness, withdrawal, etc.) were characterized by an extreme lack of persistence, but selected usual features; whereas patients with positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) had a normal degree of persistence, but selected unusual features.

scholarly journals Automatic sensory information processing abnormalities across the illness course of schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jahshan ◽  
K. S. Cadenhead ◽  
A. J. Rissling ◽  
K. Kirihara ◽  
D. L. Braff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Recent Onset

BackgroundDeficits in automatic sensory discrimination, as indexed by a reduction in the mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a event-related potential amplitudes, are well documented in chronic schizophrenia. However, MMN and P3a have not been sufficiently studied early in the course of psychotic illness. The present study aimed to investigate MMN, P3a and reorienting negativity (RON) across the course of schizophrenia.MethodMMN, P3a, and RON were assessed in 118 subjects across four groups: (1) individuals at risk for psychosis (n=26); (2) recent-onset patients (n=31); (3) chronic patients (n=33); and (4) normal controls (n=28) using a duration-deviant auditory oddball paradigm.ResultsFrontocentral deficits in MMN and P3a were present in all patient groups. The at-risk group's MMN and P3a amplitudes were intermediate to those of the control and recent-onset groups. The recent-onset and chronic patients, but not the at-risk subjects, showed significant RON amplitude reductions, relative to the control group. Associations between MMN, P3a, RON and psychosocial functioning were present in the chronic patients. In the at-risk subjects, P3a and RON deficits were significantly associated with higher levels of negative symptoms.ConclusionsAbnormalities in the automatic processes of sensory discrimination, orienting and reorienting of attention are evident in the early phases of schizophrenia and raise the possibility of progressive worsening across stages of the illness. The finding that MMN and P3a, but not RON, were reduced before psychosis onset supports the continued examination of these components as potential early biomarkers of schizophrenia.

Lateral ventricular size in schizophrenia: relationship to the disease process and its clinical manifestations

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. C. Owens ◽  
E. C. Johnstone ◽  
T. J. Crow ◽  
C. D. Frith ◽  
J. R. Jagoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Defect State ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

SynopsisUsing computed tomography, lateral ventricular size was studied in a sample of 112 institutionalized chronic schizophrenic patients (selected from 510 cases to investigate the correlates of the defect state and intellectual decline and the effects of insulin, electroconvulsive and neuroleptic treatment), and compared with matched groups of non-institutionalized schizophrenics, patients with first schizophrenic episodes, institutionalized and non-institutionalized patients with primary affective disorder, and neurotic out-patients. Age was significantly correlated (P< 0·0002) with lateral ventricular size, but the institutionalized schizophrenic patients had significantly larger (P< 0·025) lateral ventricles than the neurotics when age was taken into account. Ventricular enlargement was unrelated to past physical treatment (neuroleptics, insulin coma and electroconvulsive therapy).Within the group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients few correlates of ventricular enlargement were identified; thus in this population increased ventricular size was not clearly associated with the features of the defect state (negative symptoms and intellectual impairment). however, there was a curvilinear (inverted-U) relationship between intellectual function and ventricular size was significantly related to absence of hallucinations, impairment of social behaviour, inactivity and the presence of abnormal involuntary movements.The findings confirm that structural brain changes do occur in chronic schizophrenia, but illustrate some of the difficulties in elucidating the clinical significance of ventricular enlargement. Lateral not bimodal; the relationship to particular features of the disease is complex and likely to emerge only in studies with a large sample size.

scholarly journals Cognitive Changes in Comorbidity Alcohol Dependence and Affective Disorders

Psychiatry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
S. A. Galkin ◽  
A. G. Peshkovskaya ◽  
N. I. Kisel ◽  
S. N. Vasilieva ◽  
S. A. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Significant Deterioration

In this study, we sought to assess the level of cognitive functioning in patients with comorbid alcohol dependence and affective disorder, as well as to compare the detected changes with the indicators of cognitive tests in patients suffering only from alcoholism or affective disorder. It is suggested that patients with comorbidity may have a more severe cognitive deficit than patients with a single diagnosis.Materials and methods. We examined 100 patients aged 30–50 years before treatment: 30 patients with affective disorders, 40 patients with alcohol dependence and 30 patients with comorbid alcohol dependence and affective disorder. As a control group, 30 mentally and somatically healthy individuals were examined. The level of cognitive functioning was assessed using computer tests Go/No-go, Corsi and Stroop.Results. Statistically significantly lower indicators of cognitive functioning were found in patients with comorbid alcohol dependence and affective disorder in comparison with all the studied groups.Conclusion. The data obtained in the study indicate that the presence of comorbidity of alcohol dependence and affective disorder in patients leads to a significant deterioration in cognitive functions: Executive control, working memory, attention and cognitive flexibility compared to healthy individuals, as well as patients suffering only from alcohol dependence or affective disorder.

Changes in the Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenic In-patients in China

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Phillips ◽  
Zuan Zhao ◽  
Xianzhang Xiong ◽  
Xiufang Cheng ◽  
Guirong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Positive Type ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

Positive and negative symptoms at admission and discharge of 401 unselected schizophrenic patients from four psychiatric hospitals around China were studied. On admission, 58% of patients had prominent negative symptoms and the overall severity of negative symptoms was similar to that of positive symptoms; at discharge, negative symptoms were more prevalent and more severe. The severity of negative symptoms was not significantly correlated with duration of illness or with dosage of medication; 48% of first-episode, drug-naive patients had prominent negative symptoms on admission. Negative symptoms responded to standard neuroleptic treatment, but the improvement was less marked than that in positive symptoms (47% v. 80%). The proportion of patients classified as positive type, negative type, and mixed type schizophrenia altered dramatically with treatment. These findings highlight the importance of negative symptoms in the assessment and treatment of both acute and chronic schizophrenia.

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