On the Alterations of the Central Nervous System in the Acute Confusional Psychoses [Nuovo Contributo alla Conoscenza delle Alterazioni del Sistema nervoso centrale nelle Psicosi acute confusionali]. (Riv. di Patol., Nerv. e Ment., fasc. 8, 1901.) Cauria, M.

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
J. R. Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Secondary Degeneration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pyramidal Tracts ◽  
Axis Cylinder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Tracts ◽  
Tendon Reflexes

This is the third paper by this author on the same subject. In this case the types of alteration of the nerve-cells were two:—First, the disintegration of the chromatic substance which, reduced to fine granules, was scattered uniformly through the cell, rendering it homogeneous; the nucleus central and unaltered. This is the usual type following toxines. Second, the type with central chromatolysis and deformity, and displacement of the nucleus. This is the type following the cutting of the axis-cylinder process. In this case, this was associated with degeneration of the fibres of various parts of the motor tracts, and was probably an example of the secondary degeneration of the nerve-cell from “reaction at a distance.” The lesion in the pyramidal tracts of the cord stands in relation to the symptoms presented by the patient, e. g. hypertonus, exaggeration of the tendon reflexes, paresis of the upper limbs. The curability of such cases is not in contradiction with the anatomical facts, as the alteration in the nerve-cell is reparable. The primary degeneration of the fibres is probably due to the same toxine as had produced the nerve-cell change.

GABAA receptors: Various stoichiometrics of subunit arrangement in α1β3 and α1β3ε receptors

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 1839-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has ◽  
Mary Chebib
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Gabaa Receptors ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Γ Subunit ◽  
Subunit Stoichiometry ◽  
The Central Nervous System

GABAA receptors are members of the Cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels which mediate most inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. These receptors are pentameric assemblies of individual subunits, including α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, ε, π, θ and ρ1-3. The majority of receptors are comprised of α, β and γ or δ subunits. Depending on the subunit composition, the receptors are located in either the synapses or extrasynaptic regions. The most abundant receptors are α1βγ2 receptors, which are activated and modulated by a variety of pharmacologically and clinically unrelated agents such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, anaesthetics and neurosteroids, all of which bind at distinct binding sites located within the receptor complex. However, compared to αβγ, the binary αβ receptors lack a benzodiazepine α-γ2 interface. In pentameric αβ receptors, the third subunit is replaced with either an α1 or a β3 subunit leading to two distinct receptors that differ in subunit stoichiometry, 2α:3β or 3α:2β. The consequence of this is that 3α:2β receptors contain an α-α interface whereas 2α:3β receptors contain a β-β interface. Apart from the replacement of γ by α1 or β3 in binary receptors, the incorporation of ε subunit into GABAA receptors might be more complicated. As the ε subunit is not only capable of substituting the γ subunit, but also replacing the α/β subunits, receptors with altered stoichiometry and different pharmacological properties are produced. The different subunit arrangement of the receptors potentially constructs novel binding sites which may become new targets of the current or new drugs.

scholarly journals Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma Occurring in the Third Ventricle

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Sanghyeon Kim ◽  
Myongjin Kang ◽  
Sunseob Choi ◽  
Dae Cheol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
World Health ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumor ◽  
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a rare central nervous system tumor that has been included in the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Due to its more aggressive behavior, PMA is classified as Grade II neoplasm by the World Health Organization. PMA predominantly affects the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region and occurs in children (mean age of occurrence = 10 months). We report a case of a 24-year-old man who presented with headache, nausea, and vomiting. Brain CT and MRI revealed a mass occupying only the third ventricle. We performed partial resection. Histological findings, including monophasic growth with a myxoid background, and absence of Rosenthal fibers or eosinophilic granular bodies, as well as the strong positivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein were consistent with PMA.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Penner ◽  
Alice Ida Bernheim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The introduction of Shiga toxin into the ventricular system of the brain with major location in the third ventricle resulted in a response similar to that following the administration of the toxin either intravenously or by cross-circulation. The intravenous administration at the dosage level employed would have elicited no response. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that Shiga toxin activates some mechanisms in the central nervous system which are capable of producing visceral lesions. These mechanisms are those which control the vasomotor components of homeostasis. This hypothesis permits an explanation of the proximo-distal and intramural features of the lesion.

Central site for pressor action of blood-borne angiotensin in rat

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. R358-R361 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Fink ◽  
J. R. Haywood ◽  
W. J. Bryan ◽  
W. Packwood ◽  
M. J. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Central Component ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Difference

A previous study demonstrated that the threshold dose of intra-arterial angiotensin II required to induce a pressor response in the rat was significantly lower when the drug was administered into the carotid artery than when administered into the abdominal aorta. This result was interpreted to indicate that part of the increase in arterial pressure produced by low concentrations of blood-borne angiotensin in this species was the result of an effect on structures in the central nervous system selectively accessible via the carotid vascular bed. The purpose of the present study was to establish more precisely the site of the pressor action of angiotensin within the central nervous system. The central component of the pressor effect of angiotensin was quantified as the difference in pressor responses to intracarotid and intra-aortic infusions of angiotensin II (delta c-a). In conscious rats, delta c-a was attenuated by administration of the angiotensin antagonist, saralasin, into the third cerebral ventricle. In rats with chronic electrolytic lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V), delta c-a was abolished. Periventricular structures surrounding the third ventricle appear to mediate the central component of the pressor action of blood-borne angiotensin in the rat.

Torulosis of the Central Nervous System

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Blair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Observation Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In March, 1939. there was admitted under my care at the St. Pancras Hospital Mental Observation Unit a case of torulosis of the nervous system. This is a very rare disease in this country and the present case is only the third recorded in British medical history (Greenfieldet al., 1938; Smith and Crawford, 1930), and the first one to have come under mental hospital supervision. Although such a rarity here, torulosis is more common in the United States, and cases have been reported from nearly every part of the world.

Intraocular Ependymoma With Blood-Filled Spaces: Neoplasm or a Reactive Process With Ependymal Differentiation—A Dilemma

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
Aditi Dewan ◽  
Ravindra Kumar Saran ◽  
Smriti Nagpal Gupta ◽  
Deepanjali Arya ◽  
Ruchi Goel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Tumor ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ependymal Differentiation ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Mib 1

Intraocular glial lesions are rare and include retinal gliosis, hamartomas, and astrocytomas and rarely ependymomas. Ependymomas are slow-growing glial tumors preferentially arising in the central nervous system (CNS), occasionally presenting at sites outside the CNS, with only 2 cases of primary retinal ependymoma reported till date. We report herein the third such case of a 20-year-old male who presented with a painful blind eye. The enucleated specimen showed presence of a glial tumor with cells arranged in sheets as well as few true rosettes and pseudo-rosettes and an immunohistochemical profile similar to a classical ependymoma at usual sites in the CNS. Additionally, the presence of blood-filled spaces and few proliferating blood vessels made it a diagnostic challenge. All retinal glial lesions are positive for GFAP and S100. Therefore, immunostaining for EMA as well as the MIB-1-labeling index maybe vital in differentiating ependymomas from other intraocular glial lesions.

scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system of plagiostomata

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Short Account ◽  
The Third ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

After referring to the literature of the subject, the author gives a short account of the macroscopic appearance of the brains of the following species of Plagiostomata, viz., Raja batis, Rhina squatina, Scyllium catulus , and Acanthias vulgaris . He then refers to the distribution of the cranial nerves, especially of the trifacial and vagus, pointing out the resemblance of the distribution of the last-mentioned nerve in Rhina to that described by Gegenbaur in Hexanthus; the difference lying in the fact that in the former the rami branchiales of this nerve, the number of which correspond the number of the branchial arches, divide into two terminal branches only, the rami anteriores and posteriores, the third, the rami pharyngei, being absent.

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