Some Considerations of the Physical Factor in Delusional States

1939 ◽  
Vol 85 (354) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hemphill
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Factor ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

On the subject of the correlation of neurological lesions with psycho-pathological phenomena, two eminent neuro-histologists, the Werthams, have recently written: “It must be pointed out that in proportion to the extraordinary complexity and differentiation of the finer functions mediated by the central nervous system, histological lesions are very gross. However we may conceive of the functional processes going on in the central nervous system—physiological, physico-chemical, metabolic, electrical, etc.—it should be obvious that only the grossest miscarriages and defects would become morphologically visible. Structural lesions are the effect of functional reactions that are not histologically demonstrable. Physico-chemical changes, metabolic processes, functional changes of blood-vessels, and similar biological phenomena that cannot be micro-histologically demonstrated, precede the anatomically visible lesions which occur only where the processes have attained a certain intensity. What we can demonstrate histologically in the nervous parenchyma is not by any means an adequate basis for the understanding of the quality, intensity or normality of nervous functions. In a patient who dies in the convulsions of tetanus, the anterior horn-cells may reveal nothing abnormal. Even the most minute and complete histological examination of the central nervous system in a case may fail to reveal any evidence of an existing profound disorder of brain function. There are cases of idiocy of the severest type in which no significant histological changes may be demonstrable in the brain.”

The Pathology of Milkiness, Thickening, and Opacity of the Pia-arachnoid in the Insane

1895 ◽  
Vol 41 (175) ◽  
pp. 622-635
Author(s):  
W. F. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

There is at the present time great need of more complete and definite knowledge as to the pathology of the very marked structural changes that so commonly affect the pia-arachnoid in the insane. The subject is one of much importance to all of us as medical psychologists, for not only is the condition in question one of the most conspicuous lesions associated with mental disease, but it implicates a structure of primary importance in the economy of the central nervous system. It is by way of vessels that course through this membrane that nutriment is conveyed to the brain cortex, and the waste products resulting from metabolism in the cerebral tissues are mainly conveyed away in the fluid that circulates in its lymph spaces. Therefore it is evident that these morbid changes may very seriously interfere with the functions both of nutrition and excretion in the brain.

On the Nature, Origin and Distribution of the Corpora Amylacea of the Brain with Observations on Some New Staining Reactions

1953 ◽  
Vol 99 (417) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Alder
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Corpora Amylacea ◽  
Amyloid Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Corpora amylacea (C.A.) or amyloid bodies found in the brain and the product of amyloid degeneration in other organs derive their name from the starch-like reaction which they give with iodine (Virchow); otherwise these substances have few points in common, and while amyloid disease has become fairly rare nowadays, the presence of C.A. constitutes one of the regular changes in senile and senescent brains. This is perhaps why it has attracted much less attention than amyloid degeneration. For instance in 18 out of 25 papers, containing detailed accounts of the histo-pathological pictures, I found no references to C.A., yet one could hardly assume that amyloid bodies were overlooked. Most text-books pay scanty attention to the subject, while Buzzard and Greenfield (1921) consider it of no pathological significance. Since, however, C.A. are encountered under a variety of conditions (not merely senility), in greatly varying amounts and at different sites in the central nervous system, it may be worth while to investigate their nature, origin and occurrence in the light of recent observation.

scholarly journals Mutual correlation of excited potentials of the brainwith the level of special physical training of football-players

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-114
Author(s):  
L. V. Kapilevich ◽  
Ye. V. Zamoulina
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
First Year ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Decreased amplitude and increased latency of visual and cognitive excited potentials were revealed in football-players in the stage of prima ry special sports training in the first year of their training process. In the second training year, this amplitude is increased and latency is decreased. Forming special physical preparing of the football-players in the stage of primary sports specialization is mutually correlated with functional changes in the central nervous system which manifested in decreased latent period and increased amplitude of excited potentials of the brain.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Seifried
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Perivascular Infiltration

1. A more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection. 2. This hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. The glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrated vessels or forming small nodules or more diffuse foci. Satellitism and in a few instances true neuronophagia have been observed. Both microglia and macroglia participate in this process. There is no essential increase of glia fibers. In nearly all parts of the central nervous system degenerating lesions of the nerve cells such as tigrolysis and degeneration of the nucleus, including a slight atrophy of endocellular neurofibers, are encountered. No demyelinization has been observed. Specific inclusion bodies in the nerve cells are absent. In addition, in a certain number of cases microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages are present in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. 3. These lesions in varying degrees have been found in swine infected with four different strains of hog cholera virus. Two were laboratory strains and two were obtained from fresh field outbreaks. 4. Histological changes in the central nervous system were found as early as 6 days after infection before the animal showed central nervous system symptoms. In two cases which were paralyzed no lesions in the central nervous system could be demonstrated. 5. The lesions in the central nervous system are considered to be the anatomical substratum for the various nervous symptoms commonly found in hog cholera.

scholarly journals II. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals. Sub-section I. Teleostei. Appendix. On the brain of the Mormyridæ

1882 ◽  
Vol 33 (216-219) ◽  
pp. 400-403
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The author, after a preliminary sketch of the literature of the subject, and a description of his method of hardening and staining, proceeds to give an idea of the external aspect of the central nervous system in the Mormyridæ.

scholarly journals Dr. Alessandro Tedeschi: Anatomisch - experimenteller Beitrag zum Studium der Regeneration des Gewebes des Centralnervensystems. Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie et caet. XXI Bd. Erstes Heft. 1897. S. S. 43—72

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 164-166
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The question of the regeneration of the nervous tissue in general and the elements of the central nervous system in particular was the subject of numerous and conscientious studies; but to this day this question is open, it is the arena of various, even directly opposite views. The author, on the basis of his numerous, which required a significant investment of time and labor, experiments and observations, decides the question in a positive sense regarding the participation of nervous elements in the regeneration of the central nervous system in mammals. The author, in a large, but complete essay, introduces the issue to the literature, sets out in detail the technique of performing experiments, points to the technique that he used in microscopic studies, gives several protocols of pathological and anatomical dissections of experimental animals and, finally, details of microscopic studies of the brain with an illustration of words with the corresponding drawings, gives conclusions from their observations, the presentation of which I will limit myself to this abstract.

Nanostructured Modulators of Neuroglia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 3905-3916
Author(s):  
Dusica Maysinger ◽  
Jeff Ji
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Biological and synthetic nanostructures can influence both glia and neurons in the central nervous system. Neurons represent only a small proportion (about 10%) of cells in the brain, whereas glial cells are the most abundant cell type. Non-targeted nanomedicines are mainly internalized by glia, in particular microglia, and to a lesser extent by astrocytes. Internalized nanomedicines by glia indirectly modify the functional status of neurons. The mechanisms of biochemical, morphological and functional changes of neural cells exposed to nanomedicines are still not well-understood. This minireview provides a cross-section of morphological and biochemical changes in glial cells and neurons exposed to different classes of hard and soft nanostructures.

scholarly journals Observations on the anatomy, physiology, and degenerations of the nervous system of the bird

1899 ◽  
Vol 64 (402-411) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

In this research the modern methods of investigating the course of tracts and their degeneration in the central nervous system have been used. The previous literature of the subject is scanty. Bumm first gave an account of the various tracts in the brain, and the histological side has been and is still being worked out by Brandis. Valuable information is given by Edinger in his ‘Vorlesungen,’ and quite recently the Marchi method has been used and the results obtained described by Wiener and Münzer, Wallenberg and Friedländer.

Concluding remarks

1977 ◽  
Vol 278 (961) ◽  
pp. 435-436 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
The Brain

The discussion has shown that plasticity in the nervous system is now a topic that is actively investigated by physiologists and psychologists. When I gave the Ferrier Lecture on the subject 25 years ago it was little understood and what was known was mostly about the peripheral nervous system. We now also have a considerable body of knowledge about plasticity in the central nervous system, even in mammals, which is welcome both for its importance in medicine and for our understanding of the fundamental problems of neuroscience. The brain depends upon different channels responding to different items of information, so the key to understanding it is to find out how the channels become connected. The conference has shown that, as in all developmental problems, heredity and environment both play their part. Every aspect of the brain is ‘doubly dependent’, on genetic influences from within and environmental ones from outside. The capacity to respond during development is presumably itself programmed in the genome. Keating showed how adaptive changes are needed in Xenopus to make the receptors and the nervous system keep pace with the changing pattern of behaviour.

scholarly journals XXI. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals

1882 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 927-959 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Marcusen has given a very good résumé of the zoological history of this family from the time of their first discovery by Hasselquist, a pupil of Linneus, up to the date of the publication of his paper by the St. Petersburg Academy, and as his treatise is easily accessible there is no occasion for my going into that part of the subject here. The external appearance of these Fishes gives no indication at all of anything extraordinary in the structure of the brain, and as the zoologist above referred to, did not pay much attention to anatomy, more than half a century elapsed before any steps were taken in that direction. One of the species at least was very well known to the ancient Egyptians, to whom it was a sacred animal, and its portrait is even now quite easily distinguishable on some of the monuments.

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