scholarly journals Socio-economic position and common mental disorders

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Skapinakis ◽  
Scott Weich ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Nicola Singleton ◽  
Ricardo Araya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Economic Position ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundIndividuals in lower socio-economic groups have an increased prevalence of common mental disorders.AimsTo investigate the longitudinal association between socio-economic position and common mental disorders in a general population sample in the UK.MethodParticipants (n=2406) were assessed at two time points 18 months apart with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. The sample was stratified into two cohorts according to mental health status at baseline.ResultsNone of the socio-economic indicators studied was significantly associated with an episode of common mental disorder at follow-up after adjusting for baseline psychiatric morbidity. The analysis of separate diagnostic categories showed that subjective financial difficulties at baseline were independently associated with depression at follow-up in both cohorts.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that apart from objective measures of socio-economic position, more subjective measures might be equally important from an aetiological or clinical perspective.

scholarly journals Common mental disorders, subthreshold symptoms and disability: longitudinal study

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Rai ◽  
Petros Skapinakis ◽  
Nicola Wiles ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Ricardo Araya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Aggregate Burden

SummaryIn a representative sample of the UK population we found that common mental disorders (as a group and in ICD–10 diagnostic categories) and subthreshold psychiatric symptoms at baseline were both independently associated with new-onset functional disability and significant days lost from work at 18-month follow-up. Subthreshold symptoms contributed to almost half the aggregate burden of functional disability and over 32 million days lost from work in the year preceding the study. Leaving these symptoms unaccounted for in surveys may lead to gross underestimation of disability related to psychiatric morbidity.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in common mental disorders and psychotherapy treatment in the UK between 1991 and 2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
G. David Batty ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
Marko Elovainio ◽  
Mika Kivimäki
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundInequality in health and treatment of disease across socioeconomic status groups is a major public health issue.AimsTo examine differences in socioeconomic status in common mental disorders and use of psychotherapy provided by the public and private sector in the UK between 1991 and 2009.MethodDuring these years, 28 054 men and women responded to annual surveys by the nationally representative, population-based British Household Panel Survey (on average 7 measurements per participant; 207 545 person-observations). In each year, common mental disorders were assessed with the self-reported 12-item General Health Questionnaire and socioeconomic status was assessed on the basis of household income, occupational status and education.ResultsHigher socioeconomic status was associated with lower odds of common mental disorder (highest v. lowest household income quintile odds ratio (OR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.94) and of being treated by publicly provided psychotherapy (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.34–0.55), but higher odds of being a client of private psychotherapy (OR = 3.33, 95% CI 2.36–4.71). The status difference in publicly provided psychotherapy treatment was more pronounced at the end of follow-up (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.23–0.56, in 2005–2009) than at the beginning of the follow-up period (OR =0.96, 95% CI 0.66–1.39, in 1991–1994; time interaction P<0.001). The findings for occupational status and education were similar to those for household income.ConclusionsThe use of publicly provided psychotherapy has improved between 1991 and 2009 among those with low socioeconomic status, although social inequalities in common mental disorders remain.

The onset of common mental disorders in primary care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. TODD ◽  
V. PATEL ◽  
E. SIMUNYU ◽  
F. GWANZURA ◽  
W. ACUDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Health Care Clinics

Background. This study aimed to investigate the onset and predictors of common mental disorders (CMD) in primary-care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe.Method. Two (T1) and 12-month (T2) follow-up of a cohort of primary-care attenders without a common mental disorder (N=197) as defined by the Shona Symposium Questionnaire (SSQ), recruited from primary health care clinics, traditional medical practitioner clinics and general practitioner surgeries. Outcome measure was caseness as determined by scores on the SSQ at follow-up.Results. Follow-up rate was 86% at 2 months and 75% at 12 months. Onset of CMD was recorded in 16% at T1 and T2. Higher psychological morbidity scores at recruitment, death of a first-degree relative and disability predicted the presence of a CMD at both follow-up points. While female gender and economic difficulties predicted onset only in the short-term, belief in supernatural causation was strongly predictive of CMD at T2. Caseness at both follow-up points was associated with economic problems and disability at those follow-up points.Conclusions. Policy initiatives to reduce economic deprivation and targeting interventions to primary-care attenders who are subclinical cases and those who have been bereaved or who are disabled may reduce the onset of new cases of CMD. Closer collaboration between biomedical and traditional medical practitioners may provide avenues for developing methods of intervention for persons with supernatural illness models.

scholarly journals Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the adult life course

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
G. David Batty ◽  
Archana Singh-Manoux ◽  
Hermann Nabi ◽  
Séverine Sabia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundProspective data on the association between common mental disorders and obesity are scarce, and the impact of ageing on this association is poorly understood.AimsTo examine the association between common mental disorders and obesity (body mass index 30 kg/m2) across the adult life course.MethodThe participants, 6820 men and 3346 women, aged 35–55 were screened four times during a 19-year follow-up (the Whitehall II study). Each screening included measurements of mental disorders (the General Health Questionnaire), weight and height.ResultsThe excess risk of obesity in the presence of mental disorders increased with age (P = 0.004). The estimated proportion of people who were obese was 5.7% at age 40 both in the presence and absence of mental disorders, but the corresponding figures were 34.6% and 27.1% at age 70. The excess risk did not vary by gender or according to ethnic group or socioeconomic position.ConclusionsThe association between common mental disorders and obesity becomes stronger at older ages.

Diabetes, Common Mental Disorders, and Disability: Findings From the UK National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayati Das-Munshi ◽  
Rob Stewart ◽  
Khalida Ismail ◽  
Paul E. Bebbington ◽  
Rachel Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
The Uk

Sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms: an investigation of their longitudinal association in a representative sample of the UK general population

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Skapinakis ◽  
D. Rai ◽  
F. Anagnostopoulos ◽  
S. Harrison ◽  
R. Araya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Bidirectional Association ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundIt has been argued that sleep disturbances are a risk factor for depression but previous longitudinal studies have had limitations and not addressed alternative explanations. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample.MethodData from the 18-month follow-up of the UK National Psychiatric Morbidity survey were used (n = 2406). Sleep disturbances, depressive and other psychiatric symptoms (fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, anxiety and pain symptoms) were assessed using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). The bidirectional association between symptoms was investigated with logistic regression analyses and path analysis.ResultsSleep disturbances and depressive symptoms were correlated with each other cross-sectionally (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). In the longitudinal analysis, sleep disturbances at baseline did not predict depressive symptoms at follow-up [odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–3.19] and the same was observed for the reciprocal association (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56–1.35). In the path analysis, the reciprocal model did not have a better fit compared to the simpler first-order model without cross-lagged paths. The path from sleep disturbances at baseline to depressive symptoms at follow-up had a minimal contribution to the explained variance of the latter (<1%).ConclusionsPrevious studies may have overestimated the importance of sleep disturbances as an independent risk factor of depression. The strong cross-sectional association is compatible with sleep disturbances being either a prodromal or a residual symptom of depression and this may have implications for recognition and treatment of depression.

scholarly journals Common Mental Disorders, Explanatory Models and Consultation Behaviour among Indian Women Living in the UK

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
K S Jacob ◽  
D Bhugra ◽  
K R Lloyd ◽  
A H Mann
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The Uk

Women of Indian origin are said to have a lower rate of recognized common mental disorders and a higher frequency of consultation in primary care than white British. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors, including explanatory models (patient perspectives) of illness, associated with common mental disorders and with frequency of consultation among women of Indian origin in primary care. The investigation was conducted in a general practice in West London with a large Indian population. Consecutive woman attenders of Indian descent were screened with the General Health Questionnaire-12 to identify probable cases of psychiatric morbidity. 100 patients were interviewed with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a specific tool for the diagnosis of common mental disorders, and the Short Explanatory Model Interview, which elicits the individual's conceptualization of his or her illness. Those patients who satisfied CIS-R criteria were classified as ‘cases’, the others as ‘controls’. Common mental disorders were documented in 30% of patients. The general practitioner's diagnosis of common mental disorders had a sensitivity of 17% and a specificity of 91%. Individuals with common mental disorders had a higher frequency of consultation (P=0.017), were less likely to see depression as an indication for medical intervention and were more likely to withhold some of their concerns from the general practitioner. Incorrect diagnosis by the GP was most likely to occur when patients did not disclose all their complaints. These associations were all statistically significant after adjustment for possible confounders by multiple linear and logistic regression. Women of Indian origin in this sample had rates of common mental disorders similar to those in other UK populations. Differing conceptualizations of common mental disorders may contribute to their underrecognition in women of Indian origin.

Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1881-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Goodwin ◽  
S. Wessely ◽  
M. Hotopf ◽  
M. Jones ◽  
N. Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Military Health ◽  
General Population Study ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Military

BackgroundAlthough the military is considered to be a stressful occupation, there are remarkably few studies that compare the prevalence of common mental disorder (CMD) between the military and the general population. This study examined the prevalence of probable CMD in a serving UK military sample compared to a general population sample of employed individuals.MethodData for the general population was from the 2003 and 2008 collections for the Health Survey for England (HSE) and for the serving military from phases 1 (2004–2006) and 2 (2007–2009) of the King's Centre for Military Health Research (KCMHR) cohort study. Probable CMD was assessed by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The datasets were appended to calculate the odds of CMD in the military compared to the general population.ResultsThe odds of probable CMD was approximately double in the military, when comparing phase 1 of the military study to the 2003 HSE [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–2.7], and phase 2 to the 2008 HSE (OR 2.3, 95% CI 2.0–2.6) after adjustment for sex, age, social class, education and marital status.ConclusionsServing military personnel are more likely to endorse symptoms of CMD compared to those selected from a general population study as employed in other occupations, even after accounting for demographic characteristics. This difference may be partly explained by the context of the military study, with evidence from previous research for higher reports of symptoms from the GHQ in occupational compared to population studies, in addition to the role of predisposing characteristics.

scholarly journals Preconception prediction of expectant fathers' mental health: 20-year cohort study from adolescence

BJPsych Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Spry ◽  
Rebecca Giallo ◽  
Margarita Moreno-Betancur ◽  
Jacqui Macdonald ◽  
Denise Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expectant Fathers

We examined prospective associations between men's common mental disorders in the decades prior to offspring conception and subsequent paternal antenatal mental health problems. Data came from a prospective intergenerational cohort study which assessed common mental disorder nine times from age 14 to 29 years, and in the third trimester of subsequent pregnancies to age 35 years (N = 295 pregnancies to 214 men). Men with histories of adolescent and young adult common mental disorders were over four times more likely to experience antenatal mental health problems. Future research identifying modifiable perinatal factors that counteract preconception risk would provide further targets for intervention.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Fone ◽  
Frank Dunstan ◽  
Ann John ◽  
Keith Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Community Settings

BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.

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