Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the
                        adult life course

BackgroundProspective data on the association between common mental disorders and obesity are scarce, and the impact of ageing on this association is poorly understood.AimsTo examine the association between common mental disorders and obesity (body mass index 30 kg/m2) across the adult life course.MethodThe participants, 6820 men and 3346 women, aged 35–55 were screened four times during a 19-year follow-up (the Whitehall II study). Each screening included measurements of mental disorders (the General Health Questionnaire), weight and height.ResultsThe excess risk of obesity in the presence of mental disorders increased with age (P = 0.004). The estimated proportion of people who were obese was 5.7% at age 40 both in the presence and absence of mental disorders, but the corresponding figures were 34.6% and 27.1% at age 70. The excess risk did not vary by gender or according to ethnic group or socioeconomic position.ConclusionsThe association between common mental disorders and obesity becomes stronger at older ages.

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Mental disorders and cause-specific mortality

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.179.6.498 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 179 (6) ◽

pp. 498-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 201

Author(s):

Matti Joukamaa ◽

Markku HeliöVaara ◽

Paul Knekt ◽

Arpo Aromaa ◽

Raimo Raitasalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Elevated Risk ◽

Men And Women ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Impact ◽

State Examination

BackgroundThe impact of clinically diagnosed mental disorders on mortality in the general population has not been established.AimsTo examine mental disorders for their prediction of cause-specific mortality.MethodMental disorders were determined using the 36-item version of the General Health Questionnaire and the Present State Examination in a nationally representative sample of 8000 adult Finns.ResultsDuring the 17-year follow-up period 1597 deaths occurred. The presence of a mental disorder detected at baseline was associated with an elevated mortality rate. The relative risk in men was 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3–1.8) and in women, 1.4 (95% Cl 1.2–1.6). In men and women with schizophrenia the relative risks of death during the follow-up period were 3.3 (95% Cl 2.3–4.9) and 2.3 (95% Cl 1.3–3.8) respectively, compared with the rest of the sample. In both men and women with schizophrenia the risk of dying of respiratory disease was increased, but the risk of dying of cardiovascular disease was increased only in men with neurotic depression.ConclusionsSchizophrenia and depression are associated with an elevated risk of natural and unnatural deaths.

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Socio-economic position and common mental disorders

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014449 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 189 (2) ◽

pp. 109-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Petros Skapinakis ◽

Scott Weich ◽

Glyn Lewis ◽

Nicola Singleton ◽

Ricardo Araya

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Population Sample ◽

Diagnostic Categories ◽

Longitudinal Association ◽

Economic Position ◽

The Uk

BackgroundIndividuals in lower socio-economic groups have an increased prevalence of common mental disorders.AimsTo investigate the longitudinal association between socio-economic position and common mental disorders in a general population sample in the UK.MethodParticipants (n=2406) were assessed at two time points 18 months apart with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. The sample was stratified into two cohorts according to mental health status at baseline.ResultsNone of the socio-economic indicators studied was significantly associated with an episode of common mental disorder at follow-up after adjusting for baseline psychiatric morbidity. The analysis of separate diagnostic categories showed that subjective financial difficulties at baseline were independently associated with depression at follow-up in both cohorts.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that apart from objective measures of socio-economic position, more subjective measures might be equally important from an aetiological or clinical perspective.

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The onset of common mental disorders in primary care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291798007661 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. TODD ◽

V. PATEL ◽

E. SIMUNYU ◽

F. GWANZURA ◽

W. ACUDA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Medical Practitioner ◽

Female Gender ◽

Degree Relative ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

Health Care Clinics

Background. This study aimed to investigate the onset and predictors of common mental disorders (CMD) in primary-care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe.Method. Two (T1) and 12-month (T2) follow-up of a cohort of primary-care attenders without a common mental disorder (N=197) as defined by the Shona Symposium Questionnaire (SSQ), recruited from primary health care clinics, traditional medical practitioner clinics and general practitioner surgeries. Outcome measure was caseness as determined by scores on the SSQ at follow-up.Results. Follow-up rate was 86% at 2 months and 75% at 12 months. Onset of CMD was recorded in 16% at T1 and T2. Higher psychological morbidity scores at recruitment, death of a first-degree relative and disability predicted the presence of a CMD at both follow-up points. While female gender and economic difficulties predicted onset only in the short-term, belief in supernatural causation was strongly predictive of CMD at T2. Caseness at both follow-up points was associated with economic problems and disability at those follow-up points.Conclusions. Policy initiatives to reduce economic deprivation and targeting interventions to primary-care attenders who are subclinical cases and those who have been bereaved or who are disabled may reduce the onset of new cases of CMD. Closer collaboration between biomedical and traditional medical practitioners may provide avenues for developing methods of intervention for persons with supernatural illness models.

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Evaluation of ethnic disparities in detection of depression and anxiety in primary care during the maternal period: Combined analysis of routine and cohort data

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158832 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 208 (5) ◽

pp. 453-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Stephanie L. Prady ◽

Kate E. Pickett ◽

Emily S. Petherick ◽

Simon Gilbody ◽

Tim Croudace ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Medical Record ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

History Of ◽

Minority Ethnic

BackgroundThere are limited data on detection disparities of common mental disorders in minority ethnic women.AimsDescribe the natural history of common mental disorders in primary care in the maternal period, characterise women with, and explore ethnic disparities in, detected and potentially missed common mental disorders.MethodSecondary analyses of linked birth cohort and primary care data involving 8991 (39.4% White British) women in Bradford. Common mental disorders were characterised through indications in the electronic medical record. Potentially missed common mental disorders were defined as an elevated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) score during pregnancy with no corresponding common mental disorder markers in the medical record.ResultsEstimated prevalence of pre-birth common mental disorders was 9.5%, rising to 14.0% 3 years postnatally. Up to half of cases were potentially missed. Compared with White British women, minority ethnic women were twice as likely to have potentially missed common mental disorders and half as likely to have a marker of screening for common mental disorders.ConclusionsCommon mental disorder detection disparities exist for minority ethnic women in the maternal period.

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Longer Residence of Ecuadorian and Colombian Migrant Workers in Spain Associated with New Episodes of Common Mental Disorders

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16112027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. 2027 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Ronda-Pérez ◽

José Miguel Martínez ◽

Alison Reid ◽

Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Immigrant Worker ◽

One Year ◽

Working Populations ◽

Employment Characteristics

The healthy migrant effect and its impact on mental health has been reported in the general population of many countries. Information is limited about its impact on working populations. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of common mental disorders over a one-year follow-up period among a cohort of Colombian and Ecuadorian employees in Spain, taking into account the duration of residence and comparing with Spanish-born workers. Data was from the Longitudinal Studies on Immigrant Families Project (PELFI), a follow-up survey of immigrants and Spanish-born workers interviewed in 2015 and 2016. Mental health was assessed using the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORas) for common mental disorders by sociodemographic and employment characteristics were created. There were differences for immigrants with time of residence less than or equal to 15 years (time of residence 11–15 years: ORa = 0.06, 95% CI = (0.26–0.01); time of residence 1–10 years: ORa = 0.06, 95% CI = (0.36–0.01)). There was evidence of a healthy immigrant worker effect, as newer arrivals from Ecuador and Columbia to Spain had a lower incidence of common mental disorders than either the Spanish-born or immigrant workers who had lived in Spain for more than 15 years.

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Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291707002334 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 221-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 190

Author(s):

V. Patel ◽

R. Araya ◽

N. Chowdhary ◽

M. King ◽

B. Kirkwood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Primary Care Settings ◽

Self Reporting Questionnaire ◽

Distress Scale

BackgroundScreening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires.MethodAdult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ, nine items); the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, 10 items), and from which we could extract the score of the shorter 6-item K6; and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ, 20 items). All participants were interviewed with a structured lay diagnostic interview, the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).ResultsComplete data were available for 598 participants (participation rate 99.3%). All five questionnaires showed moderate to high discriminating ability; the GHQ and SRQ showed the best results. All five showed moderate to high degrees of correlation with one another, the poorest being between the two shortest questionnaires, K6 and PHQ. All five had relatively good internal consistency. However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the questionnaires compared with the diagnostic interview ranged from 51% to 77% at the optimal cut-off scores.ConclusionsThere is little difference in the ability of these questionnaires to identify cases accurately, but none showed high PPVs without a considerable compromise on sensitivity. Hence, the choice of an optimum cut-off score that yields the best balance between sensitivity and PPV may need to be tailored to individual settings, with a higher cut-off being recommended in resource-limited primary-care settings.

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Preconception prediction of expectant fathers' mental health: 20-year cohort study from adolescence

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2017.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 58-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Elizabeth Spry ◽

Rebecca Giallo ◽

Margarita Moreno-Betancur ◽

Jacqui Macdonald ◽

Denise Becker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Health Problems ◽

Adolescent And Young Adult ◽

Future Research ◽

Expectant Fathers

We examined prospective associations between men's common mental disorders in the decades prior to offspring conception and subsequent paternal antenatal mental health problems. Data came from a prospective intergenerational cohort study which assessed common mental disorder nine times from age 14 to 29 years, and in the third trimester of subsequent pregnancies to age 35 years (N = 295 pregnancies to 214 men). Men with histories of adolescent and young adult common mental disorders were over four times more likely to experience antenatal mental health problems. Future research identifying modifiable perinatal factors that counteract preconception risk would provide further targets for intervention.Declaration of interestNone.

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Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027458 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 191 (2) ◽

pp. 158-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David L. Fone ◽

Frank Dunstan ◽

Ann John ◽

Keith Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Small Area ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Service Planning ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Community Settings

BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.

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Food insecurity and common mental disorders in perinatal women living in low socio-economic settings in Cape Town, South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-692244/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zulfa Abrahams ◽

Crick Lund

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

South Africa ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Cape Town ◽

Baseline Risk ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Perinatal Women

Abstract Background Common mental disorders (CMDs) such as depression and anxiety are highly prevalent during the perinatal period, and are associated with poverty, food insecurity and domestic violence. We used data collected from perinatal women at two time-points during the COVID-19 pandemic to test the hypotheses that (1) socio-economic adversities at baseline would be associated with higher CMD prevalence at follow-up and (2) worse mental health at baseline would be associated with higher food insecurity prevalence at follow-up. Methods Telephonic interviews were conducted with perinatal women attending healthcare facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the associations of baseline risk factors with the prevalence of household food insecurity and CMD at 3 months follow-up. Results At baseline 859 women were recruited, of whom 217 (25%) were pregnant, 106 (12%) had probable CMD, and 375 (44%) were severely food insecure. At follow-up (n=634), 22 (4%) were still pregnant, 44 (7%) had probable CMD, and 207 (33%) were severely food insecure. In the multivariable regression model, after controlling for confounders, the odds of being food insecure at follow-up were greater in women who were unemployed [OR=2.05 (1.46-2.87); p<0.001] or had probable CMD [OR=2.37 (1.35-4.18); p=0.003] at baseline; and the odds of probable CMD at follow-up were greater in women with psychological distress [OR=2.81 (1.47-5.39); p=0.002] and abuse [OR=2.47 (1.47-4.39); p=0.007] at baseline. Conclusions This study highlights the complex bidirectional relationship between mental health and socioeconomic adversity among perinatal women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Factors associated with common mental disorder in school teenagers

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (suppl 1) ◽

Author(s):

Deise da Silva Monteiro ◽

Ridalva Dias Martins ◽

Nadirlene Pereira Gomes ◽

Rosana Santos Mota ◽

Marimeire Morais da Conceição ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Positive Association ◽

Female Gender ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Black Race

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of common mental disorders and associated factors in school adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional study with 230 adolescents from a public school in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We used a questionnaire and an assessment scale for common mental disorders. The data were processed in STATA, version 12. Results: The prevalence of common mental disorders in schoolchildren was 52.2%. Multivariate analysis identified a positive association with statistical significance between the condition and the variables:female gender (PR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.77-5.4), black race (PR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.04-4.16),having a boyfriend (PR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.06-4.03) and smoking cigarettes once in a lifetime (PR = 2.88; 95% CI : 1.31 - 6.31). The school increase (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.91) was identified as a protective factor. Conclusion: Female gender, black race, having a relationship, and having smoked cigarettes are factors that increase the chances of adolescents having common mental disorders.

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