scholarly journals The Premenstrual Syndrome

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Gwyneth A. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Values In Science ◽  
National Science ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Legal And Ethical Issues

A conference on the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was held in September 1984 in Philadelphia, USA, jointly supported by the Ethics and Values in Science and Technology (EVIST) Section of the National Science Foundation, and by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA). Twenty-two international research workers in the area of PMS met for a week's closed workshop discussing the scientific, legal and ethical issues raised by the present attention being given to the syndrome. PMS is now popular in the USA, with many private clinics and programmes being developed. Ten of the twenty-two invited participants were from medicine (six of these were psychiatrists, two general practitioners and four gynaecologists); the remainder were sociologists, anthropologists, lawyers, physiologists, philosophers, behavioural geneticists, psychologists, social workers, criminologists and bioethicists—an indicator of the diversity of the effects of and research into premenstrual syndrome. There were three UK participants—a general practitioner, a gynaecologist, and a psychiatrist. As the UK psychiatrist I felt that two in particular of the concensus opinions reached by such a diverse group would be of interest to readers of the Bulletin.

scholarly journals Three models for the regulation of polygenic scores in reproduction

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106588
Author(s):  
Sarah Munday ◽  
Julian Savulescu
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Embryo Selection ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The past few years have brought significant breakthroughs in understanding human genetics. This knowledge has been used to develop ‘polygenic scores’ (or ‘polygenic risk scores’) which provide probabilistic information about the development of polygenic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. They are already being used in reproduction to select for embryos at lower risk of developing disease. Currently, the use of polygenic scores for embryo selection is subject to existing regulations concerning embryo testing and selection. Existing regulatory approaches include ‘disease-based' models which limit embryo selection to avoiding disease characteristics (employed in various formats in Australia, the UK, Italy, Switzerland and France, among others), and 'laissez-faire' or 'libertarian' models, under which embryo testing and selection remain unregulated (as in the USA). We introduce a novel 'Welfarist Model' which limits embryo selection according to the impact of the predicted trait on well-being. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each model as a way of regulating polygenic scores. Polygenic scores create the potential for existing embryo selection technologies to be used to select for a wider range of predicted genetically influenced characteristics including continuous traits. Indeed, polygenic scores exist to predict future intelligence, and there have been suggestions that they will be used to make predictions within the normal range in the USA in embryo selection. We examine how these three models would apply to the prediction of non-disease traits such as intelligence. The genetics of intelligence remains controversial both scientifically and ethically. This paper does not attempt to resolve these issues. However, as with many biomedical advances, an effective regulatory regime must be in place as soon as the technology is available. If there is no regulation in place, then the market effectively decides ethical issues.

Blood-borne viruses

2019 ◽  
pp. 767-801
Author(s):  
Paul Grime ◽  
Christopher Conlon
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Fitness For Work ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hiv Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal And Ethical Issues

Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections have particular implications for fitness for work. These include the impact of symptoms and disease, the transmissibility of infection in the course of specific work activities, and, in the case of HIV, vulnerability to other infections arising from immune deficiency. This chapter focuses on HBV, HCV, and HIV because these are the most common blood-borne viruses that have particular implications for work. Blood-borne viral infections can affect people of any age. In the UK, HIV infection is specifically mentioned and automatically considered as a disability, from the point of diagnosis, by the Equality Act 2010. HBV and HCV infections may also qualify as disabilities, if associated disease causes impairment. There are therefore practical, legal, and ethical issues to consider when assessing fitness for work in people with blood-borne viral infections.

Industry/University Centres in the USA

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Betz
Keyword(s):  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Research Partnerships ◽  
University Partnerships ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
National Science ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Government Research

For two decades, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has had two programmes to sponsor industry/university centres: the Industry/University Cooperative Research (IUCRC) Program and the Engineering Research Centers (ERC) Program. To date, over 70 IUCRC centres have been started by NSF, and over 25 ERC centres have been started. NSF also has a programme to encourage industry/university partnerships on individual projects. From these and other programmes, many lessons have been learned for encouraging productive industry/university/government research partnerships. This article generalizes lessons about appropriate partnerships.

scholarly journals The law is an ass: legal and ethical issues surrounding the bleaching of young patients’ discoloured teeth

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Dental Bleaching ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Ethical Duty ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Legal And Ethical Issues

Dentists in general, but paediatric dentists in particular, have important ethical and legal duties of care to young patients. When it comes to considering dental bleaching for young people in the UK there are some serious dilemmas that arise from various European Community (EC) directives and from the (somewhat flawed) thinking behind them. This article seeks to interrogate this troubling position and expose some of the more curious scenarios created by this complex regulatory environment. One of the big questions that needs to be addressed honestly and more openly is ‘are dentists who follow these regulations without question and to the letter at real risk of compromising their greater and over-riding ethical duty of proper care for their younger patients?’

New Zealand, philosophy in

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Nola
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Arthur Prior ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Seamless Connection ◽  
The Uk

Philosophy as an academic discipline in New Zealand came into its own during the late 1930s under the influence of J.N. Findlay and Karl Popper. Arthur Prior was the first New Zealand philosopher to gain prominence and to inaugurate original research into logic and its application to philosophy. This tradition was continued by local philosophers such as Max Cresswell and Richard Sylvan (formerly Routley) and those from overseas who found the developing analytical ethos congenial, such as George Hughes, Krister Segerberg and Pavel Tichý. New Zealand philosophy found its footing within analytic philosophy, not so much on the side of philosophy of language, but in logic used both as an analytic tool and as a subject in its own right. Philosophers also explored what would have then been regarded by many elsewhere as ‘fringe’ logics, such as modal and tense logics; these however have now become mainstream within both logic and metaphysics. The current philosophical scene is one that allows as much diversity as might be possible in a small country with a small number of academic philosophers. Their preoccupations are very much those that one would find in many universities elsewhere. But whereas earlier philosophical interests were based on philosophical connections with the UK, now these have become quite minor compared with the very strong connections with philosophy in Australia and the USA. Although philosophy has found a firm and energetic place in New Zealand, it remains to consider whether there is a distinctive New Zealand philosophy, and to ask what that might even be. Earlier philosophers were much more willing to take on unconventional and unfashionable points of view and turn them into viable philosophical positions; even though that is still the case, there is much more of a seamless connection with philosophy elsewhere. However, there are applications of philosophy to local matters that often have to do with relations with the indigenous Maori, the nature of the New Zealand state, which sees itself as both a bi-cultural and a multi-cultural society, the nature of New Zealand’s social and cultural identity, and local ethical issues that arise in respect to, for example, medicine, biotechnology and the environment. Most of these, of course, are concerns elsewhere also; but the local context calls for work by local philosophers in a way for which others cannot substitute.

scholarly journals Building Infrastructure for Preservation and Publication of Earthquake Engineering Research Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Pejša ◽  
Shirley J. Dyke ◽  
Thomas J. Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Research Outcomes ◽  
National Science ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Network Operations

The objective of this paper is to showcase the progress of the earthquake engineering community during a decade-long effort supported by the National Science Foundation in the George E. Brown Jr., Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES). During the four years that NEES network operations have been headquartered at Purdue University, the NEEScomm management team has facilitated an unprecedented cultural change in the ways research is performed in earthquake engineering. NEES has not only played a major role in advancing the cyberinfrastructure required for transformative engineering research, but NEES research outcomes are making an impact by contributing to safer structures throughout the USA and abroad. This paper reflects on some of the developments and initiatives that helped instil change in the ways that the earthquake engineering and tsunami community share and reuse data and collaborate in general.

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