scholarly journals Who am I? Self or self-less?

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
Larry Culliford
Keyword(s):  

As human beings we are each invited to fulfill expectations. We are asked to prove ourselves, to achieve, and we are encouraged in strong allegiances to family, community and culture. We identify with and take pleasure in, or alternatively dissociate ourselves from and dislike, certain people, places, possessions, and later theories, philosophies, even what we call ‘facts'. Thus we form strong (but in the final analysis relinquishable) attachments and aversions.

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Sadooghiasl ◽  
Soroor Parvizy ◽  
Abbas Ebadi

Background: Moral courage is one of the most fundamental virtues in the nursing profession, however, little attention has been paid to it. As a result, no exact and clear definition of moral courage has ever been accessible. Objective: This study is carried out for the purposes of defining and clarifying its concept in the nursing profession. Methods: This study used a hybrid model of concept analysis comprising three phases, namely, a theoretical phase, field work phase, and a final analysis phase. To find relevant literature, electronic search of valid databases was utilized using keywords related to the concept of courage. Field work data were collected over an 11 months’ time period from 2013 to 2014. In the field work phase, in-depth interviews were performed with 10 nurses. The conventional content analysis was used in two theoretical and field work phases using Graneheim and Lundman stages, and the results were combined in the final analysis phase. Ethical consideration: Permission for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Oral and written informed consent was received from the participants. Results: From the sum of 750 gained titles in theoretical phase, 26 texts were analyzed. The analysis resulted in 494 codes in text analysis and 226 codes in interview analysis. The literature review in the theoretical phase revealed two features of inherent–transcendental characteristics, two of which possessed a difficult nature. Working in the field phase added moral self-actualization characteristic, rationalism, spiritual beliefs, and scientific–professional qualifications to the feature of the concept. Conclusion: Moral courage is a pure and prominent characteristic of human beings. The antecedents of moral courage include model orientation, model acceptance, rationalism, individual excellence, acquiring academic and professional qualification, spiritual beliefs, organizational support, organizational repression, and internal and external personal barriers. Professional excellence resulting from moral courage can be crystallized in the form of provision of professional care, creating peace of mind, and the nurse’s decision making and proper functioning.


1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. W. Sydenstricker ◽  
B. J. Delatour ◽  
G. H. Whipple

The adrenalin index as used in this paper means the amount of adrenalin in milligrams per gram of gland. As in our hands the chemical colorimetric method has proved more accurate, these values rather than the physiological values will be given in the final analysis. The two adrenal glands in the same individual as a rule contain about the same amount of adrenalin per gram, but variations of 10 to 20 per cent. are not unusual. Normal dogs show an index which may vary from 1.2 to 1.8 milligrams. The dogs were killed by short ether anesthesia and bleeding from the carotid. Normal human beings, dying from trauma, rupture of aneurysm, etc., show an index of 0.35 to 0.50 of a milligram, when autopsy takes place a few hours after death. Deterioration of uncut glands or of a gland hash kept on ice in the dark is not rapid and rarely exceeds 10 per cent. in twenty-four hours. Acute intoxication in dogs shows a low adrenalin index, especially the intoxication associated with intestinal obstruction and the closed intestinal loop. Intravenous injection of the poison found in closed duodenal loops sufficient to cause fatal shock causes a great drop in the adrenalin index, at times to one fourth normal or even lower. After recovery from a sublethal toxic dose the adrenalin index may rise rapidly to a point considerably above normal. The same may hold for recovery after chloroform poisoning. Anesthesia by chloroform or ether causes a drop in the adrenalin index depending upon the length of anesthesia and probably in part on the depth of anesthesia. Liver poisons (chloroform, phosphorus, hydrazine) cause a drop in the adrenal index to a low level, perhaps one half normal in acute cases. Pancreas extirpation with prolonged glycosuria and death produces a great drop in the adrenalin index (cat). There is evidence that this may hold in some cases of human diabetes. In man disease of one adrenal (tuberculosis) may be associated with an adrenalin index of double the normal value in the intact adrenal. Pernicious anemia is the only disease so far found to present an abnormally high adrenalin index, and the single case shows an index at least twice normal. This is of interest especially in relation to the views recently put forward to indicate that the spleen and adrenal may be concerned in the lipoid metabolism which is thought to be profoundly disturbed in this disease. Secondary anemia due to repeated hemorrhage or the intoxication of cancer or tuberculosis causes a fall in the adrenalin index. Cachexia due to neoplasm or tuberculosis may cause a marked fall in the adrenalin index, perhaps to less than one half of normal. Acute infections (typhoid fever), septicemia, peritonitis, and similar conditions may be associated with a normal adrenalin index or one somewhat below normal. Diseases of the kidneys, heart, or blood vessels associated with elevated blood pressure show no constant variation in the adrenalin index, which may be normal or slightly subnormal.


1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Amriah Buang

IntroductionGeography is the study of the earth's surface as the space withm which thehuman population lives. The internal logic of this study has tended to splitgeography into two parts: physical and human. The identity of physicalgeography is the more discernible part, as it is concerned with the study, overtime, of the characters, processes, and distribution of inanimate phenomenain the space accessible to human beings and their instruments. Humangeography, on the other hand, is not so clearly defined, as it deals with problemswhich are, in the final analysis, multidisciplinary or extradisciplinary incharacter. Thus, although human geography can be consistently defined as thatpart of the social sciences which studies people solely in relation to space andplace, this study can range from synthesizing the relationship between humansocieties and the Earth's surface (in which people-environment relations areemphasized) to that of an all-encompassing coverage of all aspects of geographynot directly concerned with the physical environment.One corollary of such an all-encompassing coverage is the multiplicity ofapproaches in human geography. As geographers probe further into the truthof the human phenomena, be it the interrelationship of people (individuallyor as groups) in their physical or social environment, the spatial and temporaldistribution of human creations, or the organization of society and social processes,and as they draw increasingly from extraneous disciplines in the courseof such probing, it has become more and more obvious that it is now impossibleto forge and maintain a singular human geography.For instance, an economic geographer trying to understand the unequaldistribution of incomes among population groups in different places will be ...


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-557
Author(s):  
Abraham Van de Beek

An English translation of a recovered article by the Dutch theologian Oepke Noordmans, Kerk en Toekomst (Church and future) is presented. The relevance of this article for the present context, especially in South Africa, is discussed against the background of Noordmans’ theology. Noordmans is not concerned about the future of the church (which in the final analysis is not meant to last forever), but calls for participation in the Kingdom of God. Noordmans’ theology is highly critical of tendencies in churches to escape from hard reality and responsibilities (Noordmans calls this weak ascesis), or to claim easily manageable solutions. He calls for a more critical attitude in accordance with the eschatological call of the Kingdom, and for a closer unity of human beings as fallible people who are united because they share a life at the foot of the cross (strong ascesis).


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Khaled Khalaf ◽  
Mahmoud Mando

Background:Orthodontic tooth movement represents a series of events at both cellular and molecular levels which in turn stimulates inflammatory pathway to induce tooth movement. Some drugs taken by patients have a negative effect which can block this pathway, on the other hand, others may influence these events and reduce treatment time.Search Methods:A search strategy was implemented using both manual hand search and electronic databases, including Cochrane database of clinical trials, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The risk of biased eligible studies to be included in the final analysis was assessed independently by two authors using Cochrane risk of bias tool.Results:A total of 491 articles were identified in both manual and electronic searches as well as by checking the reference lists of articles to be included in the study. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and full-text articles, only 8 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and thus, were included in the final analysis. Six out of the 8 RCTs were assessed as of low quality. No statistical methods were employed to combine the studies due to the heterogeneities of the studies and the low level of evidence.Conclusion:Acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen reduced orthodontic tooth movement whereas paracetamol, Rofecoxib and tenoxicam had no impact on orthodontic tooth movement. Due to the low quality of the studies included, therefore to base our practice on scientific evidence, better-controlled RCTs are needed to investigate the impact of common medications on orthodontic tooth movement.


2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Kampowski

Nella sua enciclica Caritas in veritate Papa Benedetto XVI afferma che le domande connesse alla biotica impongono la scelta tra due razionalità: da una parte una razionalità che è aperta alla trascendenza e che si percepisce come risultato della creazione e d’altra parte una ragione chiusa nell’immanenza che non riesce a spiegare la sua origine. Per una razionalità di questo tipo la ragione stessa diventa un fatto inspiegabile e viene in ultima analisi ridotta all’irrazionale in quanto deriva dal caso. Per la bioetica la scelta tra queste due razionalità è di grande significato. Una visione del mondo come risultato del caso, governato dalle leggi meccaniche senza novità, senza significato e senza ragione facilmente conduce ad un’astrazione scientifica, che potrà permettere all’agire biotecnologico dell’uomo di dimenticare il fatto che la vita non è un mero fatto bruto ma esistenza con interesse che prosegue degli scopi. Se trascuriamo la vita come vita, non ci sono più limiti a ciò che potremmo permetterci di fare con un essere vivente, l’uomo incluso. In una visione del mondo come creato, come proveniente dal Logos, dalla ragione divina, invece, si trovano scopi e significati e con ciò anche limiti e criteri per il nostro agire, incluso il nostro agire biotecnologico. ---------- In his encyclical Caritas in veritate, Pope Benedict XVI suggests that it is precisely in bioethics that the problem of a choice between two kinds of rationality emerges in force. There is, on the one hand, a rationality that is open to transcendence and that knows that it is the result of creation; on the other hand, there is a reason that is closed in immanence and that does not succeed in explaining its own origin. For the latter kind of rationality, reason itself becomes a fact that is inexplicable and that in the final analysis is reduced to the irrational inasmuch as it derives from chance. We will argue that what is at stake here for bioethics is this: a vision of the world as the result of chance, governed by mechanical laws without novelty, without meaning and without reason easily leads to scientific abstraction, which can cause us to forget the fact that life is not a simple brute fact, but existence with concern that pursues its goals. If we fail to look at life as life, there will no longer be any limits to what we may permit ourselves to do with living beings, human beings included. In a vision of the world as created, as coming from the Logos, from divine reason, in contrast, there are goals and meanings and with that also limits and criteria for our action, including our biotechnological action.


1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Scholer ◽  
Charles F. Code

1949 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. McMahon ◽  
Charles F. Code ◽  
Willtam G. Saver ◽  
J. Arnold Bargen
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Charles A. Doan ◽  
Ronaldo Vigo

Abstract. Several empirical investigations have explored whether observers prefer to sort sets of multidimensional stimuli into groups by employing one-dimensional or family-resemblance strategies. Although one-dimensional sorting strategies have been the prevalent finding for these unsupervised classification paradigms, several researchers have provided evidence that the choice of strategy may depend on the particular demands of the task. To account for this disparity, we propose that observers extract relational patterns from stimulus sets that facilitate the development of optimal classification strategies for relegating category membership. We conducted a novel constrained categorization experiment to empirically test this hypothesis by instructing participants to either add or remove objects from presented categorical stimuli. We employed generalized representational information theory (GRIT; Vigo, 2011b , 2013a , 2014 ) and its associated formal models to predict and explain how human beings chose to modify these categorical stimuli. Additionally, we compared model performance to predictions made by a leading prototypicality measure in the literature.


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