Glioblastoma multiforme metastasis outside the central nervous system: Three case reports and possible mechanisms of escape.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13035-e13035
Author(s):  
Edwin Boelke ◽  
Christiane Matuschek ◽  
Lawrence E. Ginsberg ◽  
Sujit S. Prabhu ◽  
Wilfried Budach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Central Nervous System

e13035 Background: Primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumor incidence is approximately 19 per 100,000 individuals per year in the United States (US) compared with 7 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The most common intra-axial tumor is gliomas, which account for 32% of all primary CNS tumors and 80% of all malignant tumors of the CNS.The most common diffuse glioma is grade 4 astrocytoma (glioblastoma, GBM), which makes up 54% of diffuse glial tumors. GBM is also the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis.GBM metastases outside the CNS are rare, so therapeutic experience with these types of tumors is limited. Methods: Herein, we present 3 GBM patients with extra-CNS metastasis. Results: One patient developed GBM metastasis in the lung and pleura 5 years after his GBM diagnosis had been confirmed. Another patient who underwent resection of the primary GBM developed disease that extended through the sphenoid to involve the orbit and skull and subsequently invaded the parotid gland and neck nodes 1 year after diagnosis. A third patient developed GBM metastasis in the skull and L5 vertebra 2 years after her primary brain tumor had been resected. Conclusions: The exact mechanism of GBM metastasis outside the central nervous system is not well understood but likely involves the invasion of structures such as bone, lymphatics, and vasculature, especially veins. Above-average survival time and repeated surgical intervention may place GBM patients at higher risk for these unusual metastases.

Meningomas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Taylor ◽  
Patrick Y. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Common Site ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Slow Growing

Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor diagnosed in adults. Arising from the arachnoid (meningothelial) cells of the inner layer of the dura, they are often slow growing, but can lead to significant morbidity. They can invade through the outer layer of dura into overlying bone or skin, or into critical bordering structures such as the cavernous sinus or orbits, or encase cerebral blood vessels. These limitations can make surgical resection difficult if not impossible in some circumstance. However, they rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS), with the lungs being the most common site seen with higher-grade tumors.

Malignant Tumors of the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
pp. 507-524
Author(s):  
Anssi Auvinen ◽  
Diana Withrow ◽  
Preetha Rajaraman ◽  
Hannu Haapasalo ◽  
Peter D. Inskip
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Beyond IDH-Mutation: Emerging Molecular Diagnostic and Prognostic Features in Adult Diffuse Gliomas

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanish Mirchia ◽  
Timothy E. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Prognostic Features ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Diffuse Gliomas

Diffuse gliomas are among the most common adult central nervous system tumors with an annual incidence of more than 16,000 cases in the United States. Until very recently, the diagnosis of these tumors was based solely on morphologic features, however, with the publication of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, revised 4th edition in 2016, certain molecular features are now included in the official diagnostic and grading system. One of the most significant of these changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the main-line diagnosis, although a great deal of heterogeneity in the clinical outcome still remains to be explained within these categories. Since then, numerous groups have been working to identify additional biomarkers and prognostic factors in diffuse gliomas to help further stratify these tumors in hopes of producing a more complete grading system, as well as understanding the underlying biology that results in differing outcomes. The field of neuro-oncology is currently in the midst of a “molecular revolution” in which increasing emphasis is being placed on genetic and epigenetic features driving current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive considerations. In this review, we focus on recent advances in adult diffuse glioma biomarkers and prognostic factors and summarize the state of the field.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro R. Winkelmann ◽  
Huanle Luo ◽  
Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide.  Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae.  Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans.  Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans.  In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Baylisascariasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gavin ◽  
Kevin R. Kazacos ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARY The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective B. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. Two features distinguish B. procyonis from other helminthes that cause larva migrans: (i) its aggressive somatic migration and invasion of the central nervous system and (ii) the continued growth of larvae to a large size within the central nervous system. Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. To date, despite anthelmintic treatment of cases of B. procyonis neural larva migrans, there are no documented neurologically intact survivors. Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. In many regions of the United States, increasingly large populations of raccoons, with high rates of B. procyonis infection, live in close proximity to humans. Although documented cases of human baylisascariasis remain relatively uncommon, widespread contamination of the domestic environment by infected raccoons suggests that the risk of exposure and human infection is probably substantial. In the absence of early diagnosis or effective treatment, prevention of infection is the most important public health measure.

Ewing's Family of Tumors Involving Structures Related to the Central Nervous System: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gary Hadfield ◽  
Martha M. Quezado ◽  
Robert L. Williams ◽  
Vivian Y. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This review consolidates information gleaned from several case reports and larger series on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) involving structures related to and found in the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors involve the skull, the spinal column, adjacent soft tissues, the meninges, and the brain. We have separated the cases by skull region and spinal column level, and we discuss the attendant differences in prognosis following treatment by neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Light and electron microscopic features can be used to differentiate EFT from other small round blue cell tumors that involve the CNS (central primitive neuroectodermal tumor, lymphoma, etc.). Recent molecular and genetic findings in EFT provide new diagnostic methods. We conclude that EFT involving the CNS and adjacent structures is not so rare as previously stated and that the prognosis is more favorable, as a rule, than for the more common examples arising in the long bones and pelvis.

scholarly journals Radiobiology of Radiosurgery for the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Santacroce ◽  
Marcel A. Kamp ◽  
Wilfried Budach ◽  
Daniel Hänggi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Dose Fractionation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Single High Dose ◽  
Fractionated Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

According to Leksell radiosurgery is defined as “the delivery of a single, high dose of irradiation to a small and critically located intracranial volume through the intact skull.” Before its birth in the early 60s and its introduction in clinical therapeutic protocols in late the 80s dose application in radiation therapy of the brain for benign and malignant lesions was based on the administration of cumulative dose into a variable number of fractions. The rationale of dose fractionation is to lessen the risk of injury of normal tissue surrounding the target volume. Radiobiological studies of cell culture lines of malignant tumors and clinical experience with patients treated with conventional fractionated radiotherapy helped establishing this radiobiological principle. Radiosurgery provides a single high dose of radiation which translates into a specific toxic radiobiological response. Radiobiological investigations to study the effect of high dose focused radiation on the central nervous system began in late the 50s. It is well known currently that radiobiological principles applied for dose fractionation are not reproducible when single high dose of ionizing radiation is delivered. A review of the literature about radiobiology of radiosurgery for the central nervous system is presented.

scholarly journals Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: A Report of Three Cases from a Single Colombian Center

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Coronel-Restrepo ◽  
Fabio Bonilla-Abadía ◽  
Omar A. Cortes ◽  
Jorge H. Izquierdo ◽  
Alberto M. Shinchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
System A ◽  
Primary Angiitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Low Incidence

The primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is an entity with a very low incidence and prevalence. It is not clear why the inflammatory process of this entity is limited to the cerebral vasculature without systemic manifestations. Its clinical manifestations are very heterogeneous and make clinical diagnosis difficult. In most cases, a brain biopsy is required. Only the clinical suspicion and the ability to recognize the possible clinical and imagenological patterns of presentation make an accurate diagnosis possible. The vast majority of the treatment recommendations are given by series of case reports. The following paper described the clinical, imagenological, and histopathological characteristics of three Colombian patients with PACNS. The strategic therapeutic used in shown.

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