scholarly journals Baylisascariasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gavin ◽  
Kevin R. Kazacos ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARY The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective B. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. Two features distinguish B. procyonis from other helminthes that cause larva migrans: (i) its aggressive somatic migration and invasion of the central nervous system and (ii) the continued growth of larvae to a large size within the central nervous system. Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. To date, despite anthelmintic treatment of cases of B. procyonis neural larva migrans, there are no documented neurologically intact survivors. Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. In many regions of the United States, increasingly large populations of raccoons, with high rates of B. procyonis infection, live in close proximity to humans. Although documented cases of human baylisascariasis remain relatively uncommon, widespread contamination of the domestic environment by infected raccoons suggests that the risk of exposure and human infection is probably substantial. In the absence of early diagnosis or effective treatment, prevention of infection is the most important public health measure.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Study of Central Nervous System Tumors in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
David Hakizimana ◽  
Agabe Emmy Nkusi ◽  
David Hakizimana ◽  
Eric Shingiro ◽  
Paulin Munyemana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Secondary Neoplasms ◽  
Nervous System Tumors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction: Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are primary or secondary neoplasms located within the craniovertebral cavity. The incidence of CNS tumors is not uniform with variation between different countries, age groups and races. Objective: Our study aim was to generate new knowledge of the epidemiology of central nervous system tumors in Rwanda. Method: This was an observational retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with CNS tumors in Rwanda over a period of 10 years, from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2015. Results: 466 patients enrolled, (52.2% females, 47.8% males). The median age at diagnosis of was 37 years. Brain tumors were 82.7%; spine tumor patients were 16.4%. The average annual age-standardized incidence of CNS tumors was 0.43/100, 0000 person-years and varied with age groups. Tumors of meningothelial cells represented the majority of brain tumors (31.8%). Metastatic tumors were the far most common spine tumors category. 55.8 % of CNS tumors reported in our study were histologically confirmed and of nonmalignant meningiomas were the commonest (33.9%). Conclusion: This is the very first study done on epidemiology of CNS tumors in Rwanda, and generated data about incidence of CNS tumors in Rwanda and their location and histological distribution.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro R. Winkelmann ◽  
Huanle Luo ◽  
Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide.  Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae.  Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans.  Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans.  In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.

Resection of a cystic brainstem hemangioblastoma via a retrosigmoid approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (v1supplement) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Lee ◽  
Yvette D. Marquez ◽  
Steven L. Giannotta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Technical Challenge ◽  
Cystic Component ◽  
Complete Surgical Resection ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Structures

Lesions of the brainstem pose a technical challenge due to their close proximity to critical vascular structures, neural pathways, and nuclei. Hemangioblastomas are rare lesions of the central nervous system and can cause significant neurological dysfunction, primarily due to enlargement of the cystic component. This is especially relevant when hemangioblastomas occur in eloquent brainstem regions. However, the outcomes after hemangioblastoma resection are good if complete surgical resection of the tumor of the mural nodule, can be achieved. This video demonstrates the excision of a brainstem hemangioblastoma via a left retrosigmoid craniotomy under Stealth guidance.The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/bCkuaPwMV20.

scholarly journals The Role of Microglia during West Nile Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stonedahl ◽  
Penny Clarke ◽  
Kenneth L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Encephalitis resulting from viral infections is a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a substantial health concern as it is one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis in the United States today. WNV infiltrates the central nervous system (CNS), where it directly infects neurons and induces neuronal cell death, in part, via activation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. WNV infection also induces neuroinflammation characterized by activation of innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, production of inflammatory cytokines, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and infiltration of peripheral leukocytes. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and monitor the CNS for signs of injury or pathogens. Following infection with WNV, microglia exhibit a change in morphology consistent with activation and are associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent research has focused on deciphering the role of microglia during WNV encephalitis. Microglia play a protective role during infections by limiting viral growth and reducing mortality in mice. However, it also appears that activated microglia are triggered by T cells to mediate synaptic elimination at late times during infection, which may contribute to long-term neurological deficits following a neuroinvasive WNV infection. This review will discuss the important role of microglia in the pathogenesis of a neuroinvasive WNV infection. Knowledge of the precise role of microglia during a WNV infection may lead to a greater ability to treat and manage WNV encephalitis.

Torulosis of the Central Nervous System

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Blair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Observation Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In March, 1939. there was admitted under my care at the St. Pancras Hospital Mental Observation Unit a case of torulosis of the nervous system. This is a very rare disease in this country and the present case is only the third recorded in British medical history (Greenfieldet al., 1938; Smith and Crawford, 1930), and the first one to have come under mental hospital supervision. Although such a rarity here, torulosis is more common in the United States, and cases have been reported from nearly every part of the world.

Patriarch of military neurosurgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Kryukov ◽  
Dmitry V. Svistov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Craniocerebral Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Combat Injuries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Military

January 19, 2021 marks the 75th anniversary of the birth of one of the leading Russian neurosurgeons, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Vsevolodovich Gaidar. Eight years at the head of the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery at the Military Medical Academy and 7 years at the head of Military Medical Academy, when his talent as a teacher and leader was most clearly revealed. Academician B.V. Gaidar is one of the countrys leading scientists in the field of treatment of combat injuries of the central nervous system (craniocerebral trauma and mine-explosive wounds of the central nervous system), vascular neurosurgery, and neurooncology. He made a major contribution to solving the issues of organizing specialized neurosurgical care in the Armed Forces in peacetime and in wartime. He personally took part in providing medical assistance to the wounded during the armed conflict in the North Caucasus. B.V. Gaidar represented Russian science at international forums in Austria, Germany and the United States of America, in 2005 he led the organization of the World Congress on Military Medicine for the only time in our country. During the years of leadership of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy B.V. Gaidar carried out a large-scale reconstruction and re-equipment of a number of leading surgical clinics, which contributed to the progressive development of the academys scientific schools. B.V. Gaidar created a scientific school of neurosurgeons, prepared a rich legacy of articles, textbooks and monographs, his merits were recognized by the scientific community and the state. Celebrating the anniversary, Boris Vsevolodovich continues to actively engage in scientific work, training, counseling critical patients, passionately defending the interests of the Military Medical Academy.

Central Nervous System Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 644 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancers ◽  
Nervous System Neoplasms ◽  
Recent Version

In the year 2005, an estimated 18,500 new cases of primary brain and nervous system neoplasms will be diagnosed in the United States. These tumors will be responsible for approximately 12,760 deaths. The incidence of primary malignant brain tumors has been increasing over the past 25 years, especially in elderly persons (rates are increasing at about 1.2% each year). Metastatic disease to the central nervous system (CNS) occurs much more frequently, with an incidence about 10 times that of primary brain tumors. It is estimated between 20% and 40% of patients with systemic cancer will develop brain metastases. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

Gudden's Method in the Investigation of the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
James Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Friable Material ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Perhaps there is no system which in recent times has received more attention, from an anatomical as well as from a physiological point of view, than the central nervous system. The brain being built up of cells and fibres of a soft and friable material, imbedded in a still softer substance, and arranged so as to form a complicated network of fibres suspended between and connecting different systems of nuclei, it is not to be wondered at that its minute anatomy, previous to the employment of the various hardening methods now in use, was very imperfectly known. Even now, notwithstanding our present means of hardening nerve tissue, and improved appliances for preparing sections for microscopical examination, we often experience considerable difficulty in its investigation, not the smallest of which is encountered when we endeavour to follow the different nerve fibres and associate them with their proper nuclei. Sometimes this difficulty arises from several bundles of fibres connected with different nuclei running together, or occupying almost the same position and at other times from several nuclei connected with different groups of fibres being placed very close to each other, so that we may have in close proximity nuclei, or the fibres connected with nuclei, which differ greatly in function.

Glioblastoma multiforme metastasis outside the central nervous system: Three case reports and possible mechanisms of escape.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13035-e13035
Author(s):  
Edwin Boelke ◽  
Christiane Matuschek ◽  
Lawrence E. Ginsberg ◽  
Sujit S. Prabhu ◽  
Wilfried Budach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Central Nervous System

e13035 Background: Primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumor incidence is approximately 19 per 100,000 individuals per year in the United States (US) compared with 7 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The most common intra-axial tumor is gliomas, which account for 32% of all primary CNS tumors and 80% of all malignant tumors of the CNS.The most common diffuse glioma is grade 4 astrocytoma (glioblastoma, GBM), which makes up 54% of diffuse glial tumors. GBM is also the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis.GBM metastases outside the CNS are rare, so therapeutic experience with these types of tumors is limited. Methods: Herein, we present 3 GBM patients with extra-CNS metastasis. Results: One patient developed GBM metastasis in the lung and pleura 5 years after his GBM diagnosis had been confirmed. Another patient who underwent resection of the primary GBM developed disease that extended through the sphenoid to involve the orbit and skull and subsequently invaded the parotid gland and neck nodes 1 year after diagnosis. A third patient developed GBM metastasis in the skull and L5 vertebra 2 years after her primary brain tumor had been resected. Conclusions: The exact mechanism of GBM metastasis outside the central nervous system is not well understood but likely involves the invasion of structures such as bone, lymphatics, and vasculature, especially veins. Above-average survival time and repeated surgical intervention may place GBM patients at higher risk for these unusual metastases.

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