scholarly journals Hard-Core Smoking Among Daily Smokers in Male and Female Adults in 27 Countries: A Secondary Data Analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (2008-2014)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 28s-28s
Author(s):  
C.T. Sreeramareddy ◽  
J. Hon ◽  
A.M. Abdulla ◽  
S. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Population Prevalence ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Specific Country

Background: Hard-core smokers (HCS) who do not want to quit make it more difficult for tobacco control efforts to further reduce smoking prevalence. Information about burden of hard-core smokers helps plan cessation services. Aim: Estimate sex-specific, country-wise proportion of HCS among the current daily smokers, and the population prevalence of HCS and estimated total number of hard-core smokers in 27 GATS countries. Methods: We used the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data to estimate the prevalence of HCS (i.e., daily smokers who smoke within 30 minutes after waking up, smoke ≥ 10 cigarettes per day, not made any quit attempts during previous 12 months or have no intention to quit at all or quit during coming 12 months). For each GATS country, we estimated sex-wise, weighted and age-adjusted prevalence of daily smoking and HCS. Results: Overall weighted population prevalence (%) of HCS was highest in Greece (21.0), followed by Russia (13), Poland (9.4), Romania (9.0), and Ukraine (8.9) and lowest in Nigeria (0.4%). Estimated number of HCS (in millions) was highest in China (35.8) followed by India (28.2), Russia (18.5), Indonesia (16.1) and lowest in Panama (0.03). The proportion (%) of daily smokers classified as HCS was highest in Greece (56.2%) followed by Russia (42.2%), Ukraine (37.2) and Poland (36.2) and lowest in Mexico (8.29). Overall, proportion of HCS was higher among males in all countries. However, in Greece, Russia, Romania, Ukraine and Poland, both population prevalence of HCS among women and proportion of HCS among daily smoking women was higher than in other countries. Conclusion: At the country-level, a higher daily smoking rates also suggest a higher proportion of HCS. Countries with greater burden of HCS pose greater challenges in tobacco control efforts specifically toward tobacco cessation interventions. Interventions to reduce tobacco use and smoking-related mortality may need to be altered in populations with high proportions of HCS.

scholarly journals Tobacco intervention research in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learned and future directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Tobacco Intervention

Treating tobacco dependence is paramount for global tobacco control efforts, but is often overshadowed by other policy priorities. As stated by Jha (2009), “cessation by current smokers is the only practical way to avoid a substantial proportion of tobacco deaths worldwide before 2050.” Its importance is codified in Article 14 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), and in the WHO's MPOWER package of effective country-level policies. Unfortunately, only 15% of the world's population have access to appropriate cessation support (WHO, 2015). Moreover, parties to the FCTC have implemented only 51% of the indicators within Article 14, on average, which is far lower than many other articles (WHO, 2014). Further, commenting on the use of “O” measures (Offer help to quit tobacco use) in the MPOWER acronym, WHO recently concluded, “while there has been improvement in implementing comprehensive tobacco cessation services, this is nonetheless a most under-implemented MPOWER measure in terms of the number of countries that have fully implemented it” (WHO, 2015). To the detriment of global tobacco control efforts, only one in eight countries provides comprehensive cost-covered services, only one in four provide some cost coverage for nicotine replacement therapy, and fewer than one third provide a toll-free quit line (WHO, 2015).

scholarly journals Weight control belief and its impact on the effectiveness of tobacco control policies on quit attempts: findings from the ITC 4 Country Survey

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. iii41-iii47 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shang ◽  
F. J. Chaloupka ◽  
G. T. Fong ◽  
M. Thompson ◽  
M. Siahpush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Control Belief ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Quit Attempts

scholarly journals Tobacco and the Escalating Global Cancer Burden

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Oppeltz ◽  
Ismail Jatoi
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Related Mortality

The global burden of cancer is escalating as a result of dramatic increases in the use of tobacco in the developing world. The use of tobacco is linked to the development of a broad variety of cancers, mainly lung cancer, the single most common cancer in the world. Tobacco smoking-attributable deaths extends beyond cancer and include stroke, heart attack and COPD. Widening disparities in cancer-related mortality have shifted towards a more dramatic burden in the developing world. Appropriate interventions must be implemented to reduce tobacco use and prevent global mortality that has escalated to epidemic levels. Tobacco control policies, including public health advertisement campaigns, warning labels, adoption of smoke-free laws, comprehensive bans and tax policies are highly effective measures to control tobacco use. Clinicians and academic institutions have to be actively committed to support tobacco control initiatives. The reduction in cancer related morbidity and mortality should be viewed as a global crisis and definitive results will depend on a multilevel effort to effectively reduce the burden of cancer, particularly in underprivileged regions of the world.

scholarly journals Home (not so) sweet home

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Rialp-Criado ◽  
Seyed Meysam Zolfaghari Ejlal Manesh ◽  
Øystein Moen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to elaborate on the crucial effects that a seemingly detrimental policy change in Spain has had on the international entrepreneurial activities of domestic renewable energy (RE) firms. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected from nine RE companies in Spain and then triangulated with secondary data and interviews from informants in other local institutions. Findings Domestic RE firms, due to an institutional scape driver action, reacted to an increasingly uncertain and generally more adverse renewable energy policy framework in this country by preferring to internationalise towards foreign markets that had lower political uncertainty than the domestic one. Research limitations/implications This paper complements previous research primarily on firm-specific factors that enhance internationalising firms’ survival and growth through a focus on the impact of a changing institutional-political environment at the home country-level. Practical implications Practitioners in the RE sector should analyse the risk of focusing only on the home market, as it can be too dependent on uncontrolled variations in domestic energy policy. Social implications The findings indicate that a more stable and supportive, long-term perspective in the domestic RE policy is essential for the sustained growth and development of this emerging industry. Originality/value To analyse the strategy by which a number of purposefully selected companies were able to use international expansion as a survival-seeking strategy against a drastic policy-level change in the domestic RE market.

scholarly journals Factors associated with quit attempts and smoking cessation in Brazil: findings from the International Tobacco Control Brazil Survey

Public Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
L. Casado ◽  
J.F. Thrasher ◽  
C. Perez ◽  
L.C. Santos Thuler ◽  
G.T. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Quit Attempts

scholarly journals Smoking trends in Mexico, 2002–2016: before and after the ratification of the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Zavala-Arciniega ◽  
Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu ◽  
David T Levy ◽  
Yan Kwan Lau ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Country ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Smoking Trends ◽  
Pooled Sample

IntroductionMexico was the first Latin American country to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, after which it implemented some key FCTC policies (e.g., taxes, smoke-free, pictorial warnings and ad bans). This study assessed trends in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking in Mexico before and after the implementation of key FCTC policies.MethodsData were analysed from two comparable, nationally representative surveys (i.e., the National Survey on Addictions 2002, 2011 and 2016, and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009 and 2015). The pooled sample comprised 100 302 persons aged 15–65 years. Changes in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking were assessed.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2016, the prevalence of current smoking fell 11% in relative terms (from 21.5% to 19.0%). The decrease was registered between 2002 and 2009, and after that, a slight increase was observed (from 16.5% in 2009 to 19% in 2016). The prevalence of daily smoking decreased by about 50% between 2002 and 2016 (from 13.5% to 7.0%) with most of the decrease occurring by 2009. Conversely, the prevalence of non-daily smoking increased by 35% between 2009 and 2016 (from 8.8% to 11.9%).ConclusionsFull implementation of the FCTC is necessary to further reduce smoking. Specific interventions may be needed to target non-daily smokers, who now comprise more than half of current smokers in Mexico.

scholarly journals Motivational factors predict quit attempts but not maintenance of smoking cessation: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four country project

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S4-S11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Borland ◽  
H.-H. Yong ◽  
J. Balmford ◽  
J. Cooper ◽  
K. M. Cummings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Quit Attempts

scholarly journals Congenital anomalies in Santa Catarina: case distribution and trends in 2010–2018

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Muraro Vanassi ◽  
Gabriel Cremona Parma ◽  
Vivyane Santiago Magalhaes ◽  
Augusto César Cardoso dos Santos ◽  
Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Time Series Study ◽  
Series Study ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Case Distribution

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the distribution of cases of congenital anomalies in the state of Santa Catarina by health macro-region, to determine the frequency according to maternal and neonatal variables, to estimate the related mortality, and the trends in the period 2010–2018. Methods: An ecological time-series study with secondary data on congenital anomalies and the sociodemographic and health variables of mothers and newborns living in Santa Catarina, from 2010 to 2018. For temporal trend analysis, generalized linear regression was performed using the Prais-Winsten method with robust variance. Results: The average prevalence of congenital anomalies in the period was 8.9 cases per 1,000 live births, being 9.4 cases by 1,000 live births in 2010 and, in 2018, 8.2/1,000. The trend remained stable in the analyzed period. The major malformations were musculoskeletal, hip, and foot malformations, with a proportion ≥30%. There was a higher prevalence of congenital anomalies in low birthweight, preterm, male livebirths with Apgar≤7, born by cesarean section, mothers of older age (≥40 years), and less educated (less than eight years of study). Infant mortality due to congenital malformations was 2.6 deaths/1,000 live births, representing about 25.8% of the total infant deaths in the period. Conclusions: The frequency of congenital anomalies and the mortality with anomalies was stable in the studied period in Santa Catarina. The presence of anomalies was associated with low birth weight, prematurity, and low Apgar score. The highest proportion of congenital anomalies was in the musculoskeletal system.

scholarly journals Instability and Trend in Area, Production and Productivity of Rice Crop in Haryana and India

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohit Nain ◽  
Nisha . ◽  
Sanjeev . ◽  
D. R. Aneja
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
State Level ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Negative Growth

The study examined the performance of rice production in Haryana and India during 47 years period, 1966/1967 to 2012/2013, consisting of five sub-periods i.e. P-I (1966/1967 to 1975/1976), P-II (1976/1977 to 1985/1986), P-III (1986/1987 to 1995/1996), P-IV (1996/1997 to 2005/2006) and P-V (2006/2007 to 2012/2013). Quantitative analysis is used to perform linear and exponential functions estimation using exclusively secondary data. The study reveals positive trends in area, production and yield of rice for both Haryana and India. The production of rice at the state level and at country level increased mainly due to increase in area. Similar results are obtained on triennium bases. Area, production and yield of rice crop have shown positive growth rates in Haryana during entire study period and five sub-periods, except for the yield in P-V. The overall trend in production of rice crop for India was found to be similar to that of Haryana; yield has shown positive growth rates during the entire study period and five sub-periods while negative growth rates were observed in area under the rice crop during P- IV and P-V.

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