scholarly journals Smoking trends in Mexico, 2002–2016: before and after the ratification of the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Zavala-Arciniega ◽  
Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu ◽  
David T Levy ◽  
Yan Kwan Lau ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Country ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Smoking Trends ◽  
Pooled Sample

IntroductionMexico was the first Latin American country to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, after which it implemented some key FCTC policies (e.g., taxes, smoke-free, pictorial warnings and ad bans). This study assessed trends in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking in Mexico before and after the implementation of key FCTC policies.MethodsData were analysed from two comparable, nationally representative surveys (i.e., the National Survey on Addictions 2002, 2011 and 2016, and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009 and 2015). The pooled sample comprised 100 302 persons aged 15–65 years. Changes in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking were assessed.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2016, the prevalence of current smoking fell 11% in relative terms (from 21.5% to 19.0%). The decrease was registered between 2002 and 2009, and after that, a slight increase was observed (from 16.5% in 2009 to 19% in 2016). The prevalence of daily smoking decreased by about 50% between 2002 and 2016 (from 13.5% to 7.0%) with most of the decrease occurring by 2009. Conversely, the prevalence of non-daily smoking increased by 35% between 2009 and 2016 (from 8.8% to 11.9%).ConclusionsFull implementation of the FCTC is necessary to further reduce smoking. Specific interventions may be needed to target non-daily smokers, who now comprise more than half of current smokers in Mexico.

scholarly journals 934Prevalence by proxy: Estimating youth smoking prevalence using nationally representative household surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eden Barrett ◽  
Alexandra Marmor ◽  
Raglan Maddox ◽  
Joanne Thandrayen ◽  
Fiona Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Youth Self Report ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Prevalence ◽  
Behaviour Data

Abstract Background Reducing youth (15-17 years) smoking uptake is critical to tobacco control; accordingly, youth smoking prevalence is a key monitoring and evaluation outcome. Many nationally representative surveys collect youth smoking behaviour data from, or in the presence of, the youth’s parent or caregiver. We aimed to quantify the potential bias conferred by this. Methods We compared youth smoking prevalence when reported by parent proxy, with parent present or by private self-report, in Australian Bureau of Statistics Health Surveys. National youth current smoking prevalence if all data were collected by youth self-report was estimated. Results Smoking behaviour data for over 75% of youth participants in the health survey were collected by proxy or with parent present. Ever-smoking prevalence using private self-report versus report by proxy was 1.29 (95%CI:0.96-1.73) to 1.99 (1.39-2.85) times as high in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, and 1.83 (0.92-2.63) to 2.72 (1.68-4.41) times as high in total population youth. Predicted national current smoking prevalence if all youth were to self-report alone was substantively higher than the estimated national prevalence based on actual responses, but still reveals a decline over time. Conclusions Youth smoking estimates drawn from data collected by proxy/with parent present are unlikely to be accurate. Increased youth self-report is crucial to ensure data accuracy to inform effective tobacco control. Key messages The accuracy of youth smoking data collected by proxy/with parent present should be further scrutinised before it is used to inform assessment of national prevalence and trends.

scholarly journals Adolescent Tobacco Exposure in 31 Latin American Cities before and after the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7423
Author(s):  
Francisco-Javier Prado-Galbarro ◽  
Amy H. Auchincloss ◽  
Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽  
Sharon Sanchez-Franco ◽  
Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Local Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Before And After

Our objective was to describe the prevalence and changes in tobacco use and tobacco control policies in Latin American countries and cities before and after ratification of the 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Country-level tobacco policy data came from reports on the global tobacco epidemic (World Health Organization, 2007–2014). Global Youth Tobacco Survey data, 2000–2011, came from six countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru), 31 cities and 132,065 students. Pre- and post-FCTC prevalence and relative changes were estimated. All countries showed improvements in tobacco control policies but Mexico and Peru showed the smallest improvements. In general, adolescents reduced their tobacco use, reported less exposure to smoking at home, more tobacco education, and more retailer refusals to sell them cigarettes. Adolescents reported smaller reductions in secondhand smoke exposure outside the home and no change in exposure to tobacco media/promotions. Pre-FCTC prevalence and relative changes during the post-FCTC period were more heterogeneous across cities than across countries. Despite overall improvements in tobacco policies and the decline in exposure to tobacco, policies related to media/promotions and secondhand smoke need strengthening. There was wide variation in adolescent exposure to tobacco between cities (within countries), which suggested major heterogeneity of policy implementation at the local level.

scholarly journals Physical Comorbidities and Depression in Recent and Long-Term Adult Cancer Survivors: NHANES 2007–2018

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3368
Author(s):  
Dafina Petrova ◽  
Andrés Catena ◽  
Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco ◽  
Daniel Redondo-Sánchez ◽  
Eloísa Bayo-Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Depression Risk ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Many adult cancer patients present one or more physical comorbidities. Besides interfering with treatment and prognosis, physical comorbidities could also increase the already heightened psychological risk of cancer patients. To test this possibility, we investigated the relationship between physical comorbidities with depression symptoms in a sample of 2073 adult cancer survivors drawn from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2018) in the U.S. Based on information regarding 16 chronic conditions, the number of comorbidities diagnosed before and after the cancer diagnosis was calculated. The number of comorbidities present at the moment of cancer diagnosis was significantly related to depression risk in recent but not in long-term survivors. Recent survivors who suffered multimorbidity had 3.48 (95% CI 1.26–9.55) times the odds of reporting significant depressive symptoms up to 5 years after the cancer diagnosis. The effect of comorbidities was strongest among survivors of breast cancer. The comorbidities with strongest influence on depression risk were stroke, kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, asthma, and arthritis. Information about comorbidities is usually readily available and could be useful in streamlining depression screening or targeting prevention efforts in cancer patients and survivors. A multidimensional model of the interaction between cancer and other physical comorbidities on mental health is proposed.

scholarly journals Country Participation in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Health Warnings Database

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2110642
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Seitz ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward ◽  
Zubair Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

Background The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Health Warnings Database is an online, publicly available resource created for countries to upload and share pictorial health warnings for tobacco packaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which the database is used by countries for the sharing of pictorial warnings. Methods The study’s sample included parties to the FCTC who required graphic health warning labels on cigarette packaging from. Those countries were categorized as having a low, middle, and high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). The Health Warnings Database was then analyzed for those countries’ unique pictorial images, as well as the number of pictorials that were shared between countries. Results Of the 110 countries that required pictorial warnings on cigarette packaging, only 53 (48%) voluntarily contributed pictorials to the database, with most of those (53%) being high SDI-level countries. There were 342 unique pictorials on the database, with 62 images posted by seven countries that were used by 13 other countries. Conclusion While sharing was evident from the database, there remains a need for more countries to upload the pictorials to the database. There is also a need to expand the database to include alternative tobacco products, such as waterpipe tobacco and e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking among university students aged 18–24 years in New Zealand: results of the first (baseline) of two national surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e032590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Wamamili ◽  
Mark Wallace-Bell ◽  
Ann Richardson ◽  
Randolph C Grace ◽  
Pat Coope
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
University Students ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
National Surveys

ObjectivesAlthough the smoking prevalence continues to decline in New Zealand (NZ) overall, little is known about smoking in university students. A 2013 survey of students aged 17–25 years found that 14% were current smokers, and 3% daily smokers. However, the sample did not include students from all NZ universities. This study examines the prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking among students aged 18–24 years.SettingUniversity students across NZ.MethodsData came from a March to May 2018 survey of students from all NZ universities, and were weighted to account for undersampling and oversampling, based on gender and university size. χ2tests were used to compare smoking by age, gender and ethnicity.Participants1476 participants were included: 919 (62.3%) aged 18–20 years and 557 (37.7%) aged 21–24 years; 569 (38.6%) male and 907 (61.4%) female; and 117 (7.9%) Māori and 1359 (92.1%) non-Māori.Results49.8% (95% CI 47.2 to 52.4) of respondents reported ever smoking, 11.1% (95% CI 9.5 to 12.9) currently smoked (smoked at least once a month) and 5.9% (95% CI 4.8 to 7.3) smoked at least daily (daily smokers). Of current smokers, 63.6% smoked 1–5 cigarettes/day, 45.8% smoked daily, 73.4% smoked first cigarette >60 min after waking, 86.0% never/almost never smoked in indoor and 64.6% in outdoor smokefree spaces, 69.9% planned to quit and 32.4% had tried to quit. Ever, current and daily smoking were significantly higher in 21–24 compared with 18–20 years olds, and in males compared with females. Older participants were more likely to report smoking more cigarettes/day. Māori were more likely to report ever smoking than non-Māori.ConclusionsCurrent smoking among NZ university students aged 18–24 years appears to be declining but daily smoking could be increasing. However, many students appeared less addicted to nicotine, and willing to quit. We recommend increasing the availability of smokefree services for students who wish to quit.

Crisis, State Legitimacy, and Political Participation in a Non-Democracy: How Qatar Withstood the 2017 Blockade

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-416
Author(s):  
Justin Gengler ◽  
Buthaina Al-Khelaifi
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nationally Representative

This article uses rare, nationally representative survey data collected before and after the blockade of Qatar that began in June 2017 to assess its impact on citizens' orientations toward the Gulf Cooperation Council, relations with key foreign countries, and domestic politics. The study illuminates a critical element missing from existing explanations of Qatar's unforeseen resilience in the face of the blockade, namely the role of ordinary Qataris, who mobilized in defense of the political status quo.

scholarly journals Alcoholic beverage preferences among teenagers in Finland before and after the 2018 alcohol law change

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Tomi Lintonen ◽  
Suvi Ahtinen ◽  
Anne Konu
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Beverage Type ◽  
Effective Age ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
In The Beginning

Aims: The alcohol law change in Finland in the beginning of 2018 was forecast to shift alcohol sales from alcohol monopoly stores to grocery stores. The trend of declining adolescent alcohol use was predicted to end. This study aimed to provide a more detailed view on under-age drinking change through analysing alcoholic beverage use preferences among 14 and 16 year olds in Finland from 2017 to 2019. Methods: Nationally representative surveys of adolescent health behaviours in Finland from 2017 ( n = 2451) and 2019 ( n = 2119) among 14 and 16 year olds were analysed using cross-tabulations and logistic regression modelling. Beverage data were coded from an open-ended question concerning the latest drinking occasion. Results: The proportion of 14 and 16-year-old girls reporting drinking alcohol was 41% in 2017 and 45% in 2019. The corresponding proportions among boys were 39% in 2017 and 43% in 2019. The share of alcohol consumed in the form of beer, alcopops and cider increased among girls from 55% to 75%, but the apparent increase among boys from 69% to 76% was not statistically significant. The only beverage type category that increased in popularity from the year 2017 to 2019 was alcopops. Conclusions: The law change bringing strong alcopops, beer and cider into grocery stores increased their consumption – especially among the under-aged. Comprehensive measures including taxation, restrictions on advertising and sales affecting the population total consumption are also likely to remain the keys to reducing alcohol consumption among adolescents. In addition, effective age-limit control and sanctions against neglecting age-restriction enforcement are needed.

scholarly journals “Un orgullo de Cuba en los cielos del mundo”. Cubana de aviación from Miami to Bagdad (1946–79)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-81
Author(s):  
Etienne Morales
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
East Berlin ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Flag

This article focuses on the transformation of the carrier Cubana de aviación before and after the 1959 Cuban revolution. By observing Cubana's management, labour force, equipment, international passenger and freight traffic, this article aims to outline an international history of this Latin American flag carrier. The touristic air relationships between the American continent and Spain that could be observed in the 1950s were substituted – in the 1960s and 1970s – by a web of political “líneas de la amistad” [Friendship Flights] with Prague, Santiago de Chile, East Berlin, Lima, Luanda, Managua, Tripoli and Bagdad. This three-decade period allows us to interrogate breaks and continuities in the Cuban airline travel sector and to challenge the traditional interpretations of Cuban history. This work is based on diplomatic and corporative archives from Cuba, United States, Canada, Mexico, Spain and France and the aeronautical international press.

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