scholarly journals Breast Cancer and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Complex Relationship

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Grover ◽  
Yehoda M. Martei ◽  
Priya Puri ◽  
Pooja Prabhakar ◽  
Miriam Mutebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Living With Hiv

Introduction The number and lifespan of individuals living with HIV have increased significantly with the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, the incidence of breast cancer in women with HIV is growing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the association between HIV infection and breast cancer is not well understood. Methods A literature search was performed to identify articles published in journals pertaining to breast cancer and HIV, with an emphasis on SSA. Selected US-based studies were also identified for comparison. Results Among the 56 studies reviewed, the largest study examined 314 patients with breast cancer and HIV in the United States. There is no consensus on whether HIV infection acts as a pro-oncogenic or antioncogenic factor in breast cancer, and it may have no relation to breast cancer. A higher incidence of breast cancer is reported in high-income countries than in SSA, although breast cancer in SSA presents at a younger age and at a more advanced stage. Some studies show that patients with breast cancer and HIV experience worse chemotherapy toxicity than do patients without HIV. Data on treatment outcomes are limited. The largest study showed worse treatment outcomes in patients with HIV, compared with their counterparts without HIV. Conclusion HIV infection has not been associated with different clinical presentation of breast cancer. However, some evidence suggests that concurrent diagnosis of HIV with breast cancer is associated with increased therapy-related toxicity and worse outcomes. Systematic prospective studies are needed to establish whether there is a specific association between breast cancer and HIV.

Comparing breast cancer characteristics across Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Grover ◽  
M. Narasimhamurthy ◽  
R. Bhatia ◽  
C. Benn ◽  
K. Fearnhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Migration as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection among Youths in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. Magadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Of the estimated 10 million youths living with HIV worldwide, 63 percent live in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on migration as a risk factor of HIV infection among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa. The study is based on multilevel modeling, applied to the youth sample of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted from 2003 to 2008 in nineteen countries. The analysis takes into account country-level and regional-level variations. The results suggest that across countries in sub-Saharan Africa, migrants have on average about 50 percent higher odds of HIV infection than nonmigrants. The higher risk among migrants is to a large extent explained by differences in demographic and socioeconomic factors. In particular, migrants are more likely to be older, to have been married, or to live in urban areas, all of which are associated with higher risks of HIV infection. The higher risk among youths who have been married is particularly pronounced among young female migrants.

Community Education in New HIV Prevention Technologies Research

2009 ◽  
pp. 328-338
Author(s):  
Busi Nkala
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Survival Sex ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Programmes

An estimated 39.5 million people are living with HIV worldwide. There were 4.3 million new infections in 2006 with 2.8 million (65%) of these occurring in sub-Saharan Africa with important increases in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where there are some indications that infection rates have risen by more than 50% since 2004. In 2006, 2.9 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses (UNAIDS, 2006). The continued increase in new HIV infection is a call for concern. It is imperative that more innovative ways of combating the infections are found sooner. There is an enormous body of evidence that HIV infection is caused mainly by sexual contact. There is also undisputed evidence that there are other contributing factors such as extreme poverty, survival sex, gender inequality, lack of education, fatalism, religious barriers and others. This chapter seeks to support the need to do more research in finding new technologies and innovative ways of dealing with the spread of HIV. The chapter suggests that the involvement of researched communities be effectively involved. Involving communities in finding solutions will help, in that research protocols and health programmes will take into account the cultural acceptability of the new technologies and systems and ensure that recipients of health services become effective organs of change. The chapter seeks to highlight the fact that, if the recipients are involved in all stages of development of health programmes, including technologies, we may begin to see changes in how new technologies are taken up or may shift toward getting technologies that are acceptable. There are various suggested and implemented ways which aid in achieving the protection for individuals and communities; such as community involvement, community participation and community education (Collins, 2002; Gupta 2002), this chapter will focus on community education and a proposal for a community principle.

Introduction

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1185-1186
Author(s):  
Nombulelo P. Magula ◽  
Akira Singh
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Young Black Women

Life expectancy has increased significantly with the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy. Despite this, new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in low- to middle-income, high-burden countries remain a cause for concern. The greatest impact of infection remains in sub-Saharan Africa, among young black women. However, the majority of studies investigating cardiovascular disease associated with HIV infection have been conducted in the United States and Europe, in predominantly male cohorts.

scholarly journals Mapping evidence on adolescents’ HIV-positive status disclosure in sub-Saharan Africa: a protocol for a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Adzordor ◽  
Clement Avoka ◽  
Vitalis Bawontuo ◽  
Silas Agbesi ◽  
Desmond Kuupiel
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Status Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) homes most of the people living with HIV/AIDS in the world. Adolescents/young people are a vulnerable population and at high risk of HIV infection. Identifying and bridging the research gaps on the disclosure of HIV-positive status among adolescents, particularly to their sexual partners, is essential to inform appropriate policy planning and implementation towards preventing HIV transmission. This study will aim to explore literature and describe the evidence on HIV-positive status disclosure among adolescents in SSA. Methods The framework provided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and improved by Levac and colleagues will be used to conduct a scoping review. A keyword search for relevant literature presenting evidence on HIV-positive status disclosure among adolescents in SSA will be conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS. Date limitations will be removed, but Boolean terms “AND” and “OR” as well as Medical Subject Headings terms will be included where possible and syntax modified to suit the database during the search. Additional relevant articles will be sought from the reference lists of all included studies using a snowballing method. Two reviewers will independently screen the articles at the abstract and full-text screening phases in order to reduce bias and improve the reliability of this study’s findings. A tabular form will be developed using Microsoft Word and piloted for data extraction. Thematic content analysis will be conducted, and a narrative summary of all relevant outcomes reported. Quality appraisal of the included studies for this proposed study will be performed utilizing the recent mixed methods appraisal tool. Discussion The evidence produced by this review may help inform policy and strategies to reduce the incidence of HIV infection among adolescents and improve social support for adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in SSA. It may also reveal literature gaps to guide future researches to further inform HIV policies for adolescents in SSA. Platforms such as peer review journals, policy briefs, and conferences will be used to disseminate this study’s findings.

scholarly journals OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AT THE SERVICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF UHC (UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTER) YALGADO OUÉDRAOGO, BURKINA FASO

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Savadogo M ◽  
Diallo I ◽  
Sondo K A
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the regions most affected by HIV infection with severe lethality.Most deaths of patients living with HIV are caused by opportunistic infections. Objective: to determine the prevalence of opportunistic infections among patients living with HIV in hospital serving infectious diseases of UHC YO of Ouagadougou. Patients and Methods:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study covering a 14-month period from 1 January 2017 to 28 February 2018. Included were all HIV-positive patients, hospitalized at the service of Infectious Diseases, in which an opportunistic infection was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and/or para-clinical arguments. Results: During the study period a total of 55 patients living with HIV were hospitalized in the infectious disease unit,35 of whom had at least one opportunistic infection or 63.6% of the patients.The average age of patients was 37 years with extremes of 18 and 66 years.Twenty-two patients were female versus 13 male, a sex ratio = 0.59. HIV1 was involved in 97% of patients.The mean TCD4 lymphocyte rate was 156 cell/mm3 with extremes of 7 and 718 cell/mm3.Tuberculosis and digestive mycosis were the most frequently diagnosed opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infection was the circumstance for HIV testing in two patients.She revealed immune restoration syndrome in two other patients.Nineteen patients were already on antiretroviral treatment upon admission to the service.Half of the patients on treatment were in therapeutic failure.The evolution was marked by 26.5% lethality. Conclusion:The frequency of opportunistic infections is high in patients living with HIV.Their prevention requires early detection of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment.

Endocrine abnormalities in HIV infection

2011 ◽  
pp. 1563-1575
Author(s):  
Takara L. Stanley ◽  
Steven K. Grinspoon
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Salt And Water Balance ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Untreated Individuals

Approximately 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and more than 2 million individuals are newly infected each year (1). Sub-Saharan Africa bears the majority of the disease burden, with 67% of all HIV cases and 75% of all HIV/AIDS related deaths occurring in this region (2). Although access to antiretroviral therapy has improved significantly over the past decade, antiretrovirals are available to only about 30% of those who need them (2). Availability of antiretroviral therapy greatly impacts the endocrine manifestations of HIV infection: individuals treated with antiretrovirals may develop peripheral fat loss, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia, whereas untreated individuals may develop undernutrition, wasting, and end-organ effects of opportunistic infections such as primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to adrenal destruction (Box 10.2.4.1). In all individuals with HIV infection, regardless of treatment, gonadal function, thyroid function, and bone mineral density may also be decreased, and salt and water balance may be affected (Box 10.2.4.2). The purpose of this chapter is to review the endocrine manifestations of HIV infection, including pathogenesis and treatment.

scholarly journals Sub-Saharan African migrants living with HIV acquired after migration, France, ANRS PARCOURS study, 2012 to 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabel Desgrées-du-Loû ◽  
Julie Pannetier ◽  
Andrainolo Ravalihasy ◽  
Anne Gosselin ◽  
Virginie Supervie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Policies

We estimated the proportion of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa who acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while living in France. Life-event and clinical information was collected in 2012 and 2013 from a random sample of HIV-infected outpatients born in sub-Saharan Africa and living in the Paris region. We assumed HIV infection in France if at least one of the following was fulfilled: (i) HIV diagnosis at least 11 years after arrival in France, (ii) at least one negative HIV test in France, (iii) sexual debut after arrival in France. Otherwise, time of HIV infection was based on statistical modelling of first CD4+ T-cell count; infection in France was assumed if more than 50% (median scenario) or more than 95% (conservative scenario) of modelled infection times occurred after migration. We estimated that 49% of 898 HIV-infected adults born in sub-Saharan Africa (95% confidence interval (CI): 45–53) in the median and 35% (95% CI: 31–39) in the conservative scenario acquired HIV while living in France. This proportion was higher in men than women (44% (95% CI: 37–51) vs 30% (95% CI: 25–35); conservative scenario) and increased with length of stay in France. These high proportions highlight the need for improved HIV policies targeting migrants.

scholarly journals Factors associated with unsuppressed viremia in women living with HIV on lifelong ART in a multi-country cohort study: US-PEPFAR PROMOTE study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Atuhaire ◽  
Sherika Hanley ◽  
Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma ◽  
Jim Aizire ◽  
Lynda Stranix-Chibanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Women ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

AbstractBackgroundDespite recent efforts to scale-up lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of unsuppressed viremia persist among cART users, and many countries in the region fall short of the UNAIDS 2020 target to have 90% virally suppressed. We sought to determine the factors associated with unsuppressed viremia (defined for the purpose of this study as >200 copies/ml) among African women on lifelong cART.MethodsThis analysis was based on baseline data of the PROMOTE longitudinal cohort study at 8 sites in Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study enrolled 1987 women living with HIV who initiated lifelong cART at least 1 year previously to assesses long-term safety and effectiveness of cART. Socio-demographic, clinical, and cART adherence data were collected. We used multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viremia.ResultsAt enrolment, 1947/1987 (98%) women reported taking cART. Of these, HIV-1 remained detectable in 293/1934 (15%), while 216/1934 (11.2%) were considered unsuppressed (>200 copies/ml). The following factors were associated with an increased risk of unsuppressed viremia: not having household electricity (adjusted prevalence rate ratio (aPRR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-2.36, p<0.001); self-reported missed cART doses (aPRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.24-2.13, p<0.001); recent hospitalization (aPRR 2.48, 95% CI 1.28-4.80, p=0.007) and experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge in the last three months (aPRR 1.88; 95% CI 1.16-3.04, p=0.010). Longer time on cART (aPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88, p<0.001) and being older (aPRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.76-0.88, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of unsuppressed viremia.ConclusionSocioeconomic barriers such as poverty, not being married, young age, and self-reported missed doses remain key predictors of unsuppressed viremia. Targeted interventions are needed to improve cART adherence among women living with HIV with this risk factor profile.

Growing Up with HIV/AIDS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Shiau ◽  
Lindsey Reif
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Pediatric Hiv Care ◽  
Living With Hiv

Largely due to increased success in prevention of mother-to-child transmission, new HIV infections among children globally have declined by 47 percent since 2010, from 300,000 in 2010 to 160,000 in 2016. However, the epidemic continues. In 2016 2.1 million children under fifteen years old were estimated to be living with HIV globally, with 85 percent living in sub-Saharan Africa. Without access to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART), infants and younger children living with HIV are at high risk for mortality, with a mortality rate of about 30 percent by the first year of life and 50 percent by their second year. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and adherence to effective ART is critical. Early infant diagnosis is becoming more widely available globally, allowing for earlier identification of infection close to birth and opportunities to start treatment early in infants and the potential for cure strategies. With effective treatment, pediatric HIV infection has been transformed from a fatal disease to a lifelong chronic disease. Much of pediatric HIV care focuses on co-morbidities related to long-term HIV infection and its treatment. In addition, children living with HIV require close monitoring as they age into adolescence, a high-risk period when they navigate mental, physical, and emotional development. As adolescents become independent from parents or guardians and face choices regarding relationships, sexual behavior, and alcohol and drug use, they are at high risk for poor adherence to ART.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document