Introduction

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1185-1186
Author(s):  
Nombulelo P. Magula ◽  
Akira Singh
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Young Black Women

Life expectancy has increased significantly with the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy. Despite this, new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in low- to middle-income, high-burden countries remain a cause for concern. The greatest impact of infection remains in sub-Saharan Africa, among young black women. However, the majority of studies investigating cardiovascular disease associated with HIV infection have been conducted in the United States and Europe, in predominantly male cohorts.

HIV related cancer

2007 ◽  
pp. 445-450
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Management Issues

HIV related malignancies 446 Nursing management issues 448 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represents the worst epidemic of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. There are approximately 38 million cases worldwide. The highest prevalence is in sub-Saharan Africa with around 7.5% of the adult population infected. In Western Europe there were 20,000 new cases of HIV infection in 2003....

scholarly journals Breast Cancer and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Complex Relationship

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Grover ◽  
Yehoda M. Martei ◽  
Priya Puri ◽  
Pooja Prabhakar ◽  
Miriam Mutebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Living With Hiv

Introduction The number and lifespan of individuals living with HIV have increased significantly with the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, the incidence of breast cancer in women with HIV is growing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the association between HIV infection and breast cancer is not well understood. Methods A literature search was performed to identify articles published in journals pertaining to breast cancer and HIV, with an emphasis on SSA. Selected US-based studies were also identified for comparison. Results Among the 56 studies reviewed, the largest study examined 314 patients with breast cancer and HIV in the United States. There is no consensus on whether HIV infection acts as a pro-oncogenic or antioncogenic factor in breast cancer, and it may have no relation to breast cancer. A higher incidence of breast cancer is reported in high-income countries than in SSA, although breast cancer in SSA presents at a younger age and at a more advanced stage. Some studies show that patients with breast cancer and HIV experience worse chemotherapy toxicity than do patients without HIV. Data on treatment outcomes are limited. The largest study showed worse treatment outcomes in patients with HIV, compared with their counterparts without HIV. Conclusion HIV infection has not been associated with different clinical presentation of breast cancer. However, some evidence suggests that concurrent diagnosis of HIV with breast cancer is associated with increased therapy-related toxicity and worse outcomes. Systematic prospective studies are needed to establish whether there is a specific association between breast cancer and HIV.

scholarly journals HIV incidence in a multinational cohort of men and transgender women who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from HPTN 075

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247195
Author(s):  
Theodorus G. M. Sandfort ◽  
Yamikani Mbilizi ◽  
Eduard J. Sanders ◽  
Xu Guo ◽  
Vanessa Cummings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Anal Intercourse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men

Few studies have assessed HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We assessed HIV incidence and its correlates among MSM and TGW in SSA enrolled in the prospective, multi-country HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 075 study, conducted from 2015 to 2017. Participants were enrolled at four sites in SSA (Kisumu, Kenya; Blantyre, Malawi; Cape Town and Soweto, South Africa). Eligible participants reported male sex assignment at birth, were 18 to 44 years of age, and had engaged in anal intercourse with a man in the preceding three months. Participation involved five study visits over 12 months. Visits included behavioral assessments and testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Twenty-one of 329 persons acquired HIV during the study [incidence rate: 6.96/100 person-years (PY) (95% CI: 4.3, 10.6)]. Among TGW, HIV incidence was estimated to be 8.4/100 PY (95% CI: 2.3, 21.5). Four participants were found to have acute HIV infection at their first HIV-positive visit. HIV incidence varied among the four study sites, ranging from 1.3/100 PY to 14.4/100 PY. In multivariate longitudinal analysis, factors significantly associated with HIV acquisition were engagement in unprotected receptive anal intercourse [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4, 14.4] and incident rectal gonorrhea and/or chlamydia (AHR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 6.8). The higher HIV incidence in Cape Town compared to Blantyre could be explained by the higher prevalence of several risk factors for HIV infection among participants in Cape Town. Annual HIV incidence observed in this study is substantially higher than reported HIV incidence in the general populations in the respective countries and among MSM in the United States. Intensification of HIV prevention efforts for MSM and TGW in SSA is urgently needed.

scholarly journals How East Germany Fabricated the Myth of HIV Being Man-Made

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Jeppsson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
East Germany ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Made In

Despite the fact that the origin of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being a contamination and a mutation originating from primates is well-documented alternative narratives are often being heard ofespecially in sub-Saharan Africa. One such narrative is about HIV being man-made in a military laboratory in the United States. In this article, it is shown how this narrative was fabricated by the intelligence services in East Germany (German Democratic Republic – GDR) as part of the ideological warfare during the Cold War. The purpose of this article is to put an end to a long-lasting conspiracy theory, which is still alive and may create diversion from serious research on the topic.

scholarly journals Choosing Wisely Africa: Ten Low-Value or Harmful Practices That Should Be Avoided in Cancer Care

2020 ◽  
pp. 1192-1199
Author(s):  
Fidel Rubagumya ◽  
Gunita Mitera ◽  
Sidy Ka ◽  
Achille Manirakiza ◽  
Philippa Decuir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Care ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Choosing Wisely ◽  
Short List ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Quality Cancer Care ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sub Saharan

PURPOSE Choosing Wisely Africa (CWA) builds on Choosing Wisely (CW) in the United States, Canada, and India and aims to identify low-value, unnecessary, or harmful cancer practices that are frequently used on the African continent. The aim of this work was to use physicians and patient advocates to identify a short list of low-value practices that are frequently used in African low- and middle-income countries. METHODS The CWA Task Force was convened by the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer and included representatives from surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, the private and public sectors, and patient advocacy groups. Consensus was built through a modified Delphi process, shortening a long list of practices to a short list, and then to a final list. A voting threshold of ≥ 60% was used to include an individual practice on the short list. A consensus was reached after a series of teleconferences and voting processes. RESULTS Of the 10 practices on the final list, one is a new suggestion and 9 are revisions or adaptations of practices from previous CW campaign lists. One item relates to palliative care, 8 concern treatment, and one relates to surveillance. CONCLUSION The CWA initiative has identified 10 low-value, common interventions in Africa’s cancer practice. The success of this campaign will be measured by how the recommendations are implemented across sub-Saharan Africa and whether this improves the delivery of high-quality cancer care.

scholarly journals Neurological Sequelae of Adult Meningitis in Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew W Goldberg ◽  
Mark W Tenforde ◽  
Hannah K Mitchell ◽  
Joseph N Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract The high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa has markedly changed the epidemiology and presentation of adult meningitis. We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CENTRAL, and African Index Medicus to identify studies in Africa with data on neurological outcomes in adults after meningitis. We found 22 articles meeting inclusion criteria. From 4 studies with predominately pneumococcal meningitis, a median of 19% of survivors experienced hearing loss up to 40 days. Two studies of cryptococcal meningitis evaluated 6- to 12-month outcomes; in one, 41% of survivors had global neurocognitive impairment and 20% severe impairment at 1 year, and in a second 30% of survivors had intermediate disability and 10% severe disability at 6 months. A single small study of patients with tuberculosis/HIV found marked disability in 20% (6 of 30) at 9 months. Despite the high burden of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about neurological outcomes of patients with HIV-associated meningitides.

scholarly journals BioLPG for Clean Cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present and Future Feasibility of Technologies, Feedstocks, Enabling Conditions and Financing

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Kimball C. Chen ◽  
Matthew Leach ◽  
Mairi J. Black ◽  
Meron Tesfamichael ◽  
Francis Kemausuor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Energy supply for clean cooking is a priority for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, i.e., propane or butane or a mixture of both) is an economically efficient, cooking energy solution used by over 2.5 billion people worldwide and scaled up in numerous low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Investigation of the technical, policy, economic and physical requirements of producing LPG from renewable feedstocks (bioLPG) finds feasibility at scale in Africa. Biogas and syngas from the circular economic repurposing of municipal solid waste and agricultural waste can be used in two groundbreaking new chemical processes (Cool LPG or Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion (IH2)) to selectively produce bioLPG. Evidence about the nature and scale potential of bioLPG presented in this study justifies further investment in the development of bioLPG as a fuel that can make a major contribution toward enabling an SSA green economy and universal energy access. Techno-economic assessments of five potential projects from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda illustrate what might be possible. BioLPG technology is in the early days of development, so normal technology piloting and de-risking need to be undertaken. However, fully developed bioLPG production could greatly reduce the public and private sector investment required to significantly increase SSA clean cooking capacity.

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