Building materials and construction techniques of monuments

In the Chinese technological tradition, no sector, apart from that of agriculture, is as rich in original ideas as naval architecture. Over the past three millennia, hundreds of different types of craft have been developed for use on China's shallow lakes, on its fast flowing rivers and along its often stormy coastal waters. Each type was developed for specific use as a means of transportation, and would seem to represent the ultimate answer to the challenges posed by local conditions. Ultimate answer, that is, within the limitations of the traditional building materials with which these boats were constructed and fitted out. Nor was ingenuity confined to construction techniques.

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YÜKSEK YAPILARIN TASARIMLARININ VE YAPIM TEKNİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

IEDSR Association ◽

10.46872/pj.242 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 289-304

Author(s):

Ahmet Cihat ARI

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Technological Development ◽

Population Increase ◽

Building Stock ◽

High Rise ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

New Construction ◽

High Structure ◽

The City ◽

Design And Construction

With the increase of the population recently, changes have occurred in the design and construction techniques of the buildings due to the insufficient building stock. With the development of science and technology, new construction techniques have emerged in the construction and design of structures. In the global population increase, high-rise buildings were built to meet the need for shelter and these structures were built with the development of technology. However, high-rise buildings have become the symbol of technological development for countries and cities. Since the 21st century, the construction of high-rise buildings in cities with different designs and new construction techniques has provided the development of architecture and engineering. It is important to design high-rise buildings in accordance with the culture and texture of the city. In addition, high-rise buildings should be built as structures resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and floods. For this reason, the design and construction techniques of high-rise buildings have become a research subject in the field of architecture and engineering. The aim of this study is to examine the designs and construction techniques of high-rise buildings. In the first part of the study, the concept of high rise building and its historical development are discussed. In the second part of the study, the designs and construction techniques of high-rise buildings are investigated. In addition, the study was conducted to examine the high structure by giving examples from the world and Turkey. Within the scope of the study, literature researches such as domestic and international articles, books, published theses, web resources were conducted and data were collected. As a result of the examinations made within the scope of the study, it is important to select the building materials in accordance with the characteristics of the building materials in the design and construction techniques of high-rise buildings with the development of technology. Therefore, the architect should know the properties of the materials in the design of high-rise buildings and use them in accordance with the properties of the material in the construction of the buildings. In addition, increasing the height of the building by making aerodynamic designs in high buildings reduces the effect of the wind speed.

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Earth Building Materials, Production, and Construction Techniques

Sustainable Practices ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4852-4.ch029 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 517-536

Author(s):

Hamed Niroumand ◽

M.F.M Zain ◽

Sanaz Naghavi Alhosseni

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Built Environment ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Technology ◽

Construction Methods ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

National University

Building materials and construction technology are strongly interrelated with the pillars for sustainable development (e.g. environment, society economy, culture and politics). Earth Building, an 11,000-year-old practice of building using sustainable and earth materials, is practiced worldwide. Earth has been used to construct walls, floors, roofs, and even furniture. Today it is estimated that between 33-50%of the world's population is housed in earth homes. This chapter reviews the two-year process of earth buildings and earth architecture carried out by the Department of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering at National University of Malaysia (UKM). The current research emphasis is on the types, construction methods, and architectural aspects of earth buildings and earth architecture. The current manuscript compares type of earth buildings and their properties and applications based on building materials and architectural aspects in construction.

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Low Embodied Energy Sustainable Building Materials and Technologies

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.650.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 650 ◽

pp. 13-20

Author(s):

Ashok Kumar ◽

P.S. Chani ◽

Rajesh Deoliya

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Building Materials ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Energy Materials ◽

Sustainable Building ◽

Comprehensive Literature Review ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

The World ◽

New Buildings ◽

Sustainable Building Materials

Construction industry is one of the largest consumers of the natural resources and responsible for substantial amount of CO2emission in the world. The purpose of this paper is to carry out comprehensive literature review on the low embodied energy materials and techniques used in the existing and / or new buildings in India. The paper also compares the conventional building materials and techniques, with alternative ones to assess their superiority. An investigation into the energy consumed by the building materials and techniques is computed to find out the embodied energy requirements to prove superiority of innovative construction techniques over traditional materials.

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The Impact of the New Material and Technology on Modern Architectural Design and the Role of Promotion

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.934 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 312 ◽

pp. 934-938

Author(s):

Yu Liang Zhang ◽

Quan Sun

Keyword(s):

Architectural Design ◽

Building Materials ◽

Architectural Form ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

New Material ◽

And Performance ◽

New Processing ◽

The Times ◽

Design Style ◽

The Impact

building materials are the carriers of building; it has both functions with use and performance. The implementation of the architectural form can not be separated from building materials; building materials also get value of existence because of attaching building. In today's technological conditions, a variety of building materials, with each passing day, new building materials and new processing and construction techniques continue to emerge, to the architect's design provides a lot of choice, to the architect's space performance provides greater possibilities sex. All this convenience is a new character; prompting some architects to promote the generation of new design style, tactics and thinking, there are a large number of rich architectural forms of the characteristics of the times.

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Research on the historical and cultural value of and protection strategy for rammed earth watchtower houses in Chongqing, China

Built Heritage ◽

10.1186/s43238-021-00042-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ying Shu ◽

Ying He

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Building Materials ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Chinese Han ◽

Protection Strategy ◽

General Lack ◽

Typical Sample ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Heritage Protection

AbstractChinese watchtower houses are part of the unique human cultural heritage of the world’s vernacular architectures. Many earthen manor watchtower houses in Chongqing, China, have absorbed the characteristics of other tower houses across the country and have brought together various types of watchtower construction techniques. They are important connection points for the integrity of the Chinese watchtower house as a comprehensive architectural cultural heritage system. They can be a typical sample of Chinese Han classical towers. These buildings are indispensable parts of the Chinese residential watchtower system and have important cultural protection value. However, due to the general lack of excavation and attention to their historical and cultural value, these buildings are on the verge of disappearing. Although they have lost their original architectural functions, they have important value in terms of their building materials, technical composition and artistic modelling. They can stimulate special emotional resonance and become an important bridge that maintains the cultural connection between ancient and modern humans. Therefore, discussing the historical and cultural value of Chongqing rammed earth watchtower houses, the strategy for heritage protection and utilisation is of far-reaching significance for Chinese watchtower dwellings.

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Comparison of Environmental Impact of Three Different Slab Systems for Life Cycle Assessment of a Commercial Building in South Korea

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10207278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (20) ◽

pp. 7278

Author(s):

Inkwan Paik ◽

Seunguk Na

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Flat Plate ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Building Materials ◽

Quantitative Model ◽

Commercial Building ◽

Construction Methods ◽

Impact Reduction ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Comparative Results

The environmental impacts of the construction stage should be considered since a large amount of building materials are used to construct a building at this stage. Studies on the improvement of construction techniques or the application of newly developed construction methods for reducing the environmental impacts are relatively scant compared to other topics of studies. This study aimed to assess and compare the environmental impacts of the ordinary solid slab, the flat plate slab and the voided slab system during the construction phase. A process-based quantitative model was adopted to evaluate the environmental impacts and the comparative results were analysed to demonstrate the significant characteristics of the environmental impacts of the construction of slab in a building. The assessment results show that the environmental impacts from the ordinary solid slab are the highest and the voided slab system is the lowest among three slab systems. As the slab system of the studied building was replaced, it was shown that the environmental impact indicators showed the decreased tendency. Based on the results of environmental impact reduction from the ordinary solid slab, the flat plate slab and the voided slab system, the voided slab system would have the least environmental impact in all indicators.

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Carbon footprint evaluation of local dwellings in Bangladesh towards low carbon society

Built Environment Project and Asset Management ◽

10.1108/bepam-01-2021-0018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Rezuana Islam ◽

Sajal Chowdhury ◽

Nusrat Jannat ◽

Pranjib Paul

Keyword(s):

Carbon Footprint ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Building Materials ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Hybrid Methods ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Field Studies ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Content Type ◽

Construction Techniques

PurposeLocal dwellings of Bangladesh have specific environmental characteristics. These dwellings extensively use locally available materials and construction techniques. Therefore, carbon footprint (CF), as a prominent environmental parameter, is greatly affected by construction materials and techniques. Nonetheless, scientific justification is limited to evaluate CF of these dwellings in Bangladesh according to different local construction materials. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate different rural dwellings’ CF for both construction and operational phases toward the development of low carbon society in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachFor evaluating CF, literature review and field studies were conducted to specify and categorize cases. An intensive field monitoring and occupant's survey were performed during summer. A widely recognized compliant database and assessment tool “Ecoinvent v3” was used based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 and 14044. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected to evaluate constructional and operational stages of carbon emission using hybrid methods formed by process-based and economic input–output life cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) approaches.FindingsThe study indicates that different building materials significantly impact on dwelling's amount of carbon emission according to construction techniques. Brick dwelling's construction stage carbon emission was nearly 3.86 times higher than timber, whereas, 6.75 times higher than mud dwelling. In terms of operational stage, local brick dwelling emits higher carbon compared to others relating to occupants’ lifestyle and activities.Originality/valueThis study will contribute to helping professionals and policy-makers to interpret and evaluate architectural design and construction processes for improving low-carbon dwellings in Bangladesh.

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BUILDING MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND CHRONOLOGIES

The World of Pompeii ◽

10.4324/9780203866191-16 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 140-155

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Construction Techniques

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The Evolution of the Living Environment in Suzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties Based on Historical Paintings

Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage ◽

10.1145/3430700 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Ding Ding ◽

Xianjun Yu ◽

Zhonglin Wang

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Ming Dynasty ◽

Building Materials ◽

Living Environment ◽

Building Performance ◽

The Qing Dynasty ◽

Urban Construction ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Ming And Qing Dynasties

Some historical paintings are realistic enough to provide information for the study of ancient civil buildings and their corresponding living environment. This article uses architectural iconology, computer modeling, and quantitative analysis methods to interpret ancient images for contemporary research. This work selects Qingming Shanghe Tu , painted by Ying Qiu in the Ming Dynasty, and Gusu Fanhua Tu , created by Yang Xu in the Qing Dynasty to study the evolution of the living environment of ancient Suzhou at the natural meaning level. At the conventional meaning level, a comparison of the two images reveals that land use, landscaping, building performance, and building materials evolved due to social development. At the intrinsic meaning level, this development was found to be closely related to the expansion of urban construction, the development of compact landscaping, and the maturation of construction techniques. The architectural iconology method proposed by this work can be used to study other ancient buildings based on existing images.

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