A Possible Correlation between the Altitudinal and Latitudinal Ranges of Species in the High Elevation Flora of the Andes

2009 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
The Andes

scholarly journals Geographical variability of bacterial communities of cryoconite holes of Andean glaciers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pittino ◽  
Michael Seeger ◽  
Roberto Azzoni ◽  
Roberto Ambrosini ◽  
Andrea Franzetti
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Organic Matter Production ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Andean Glaciers

AbstractCryoconite holes, ponds full of melting water with a sediment on the bottom, are hotspot of biodiversity of glacier surface. They host a metabolically active bacterial community that is involved in different dynamics concerning glacier ecosystems. Indeed, they are responsible of organic matter production and with other microorganisms establish a real microecosystem. Cryoconite holes have been described in different areas of the world (e.g., Arctic, Antarctic, Alps, Himalaya), and with this study we will provide the first description of bacterial communities of cryoconite holes of the Andes in South America. We collected samples on three high elevation glaciers of the Andes (Iver, Iver East and Morado glaciers) and two Patagonian glaciers located at sea level (Exploradores glacier and Perito Moreno). Results show that the most abundant orders are Burkholderiales, Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Pseudomonadales, Rhodospiarillales, Rhizobiales, Sphingomonadales and Bacteroidales, which have been reported on glaciers of other areas of the world, Bacterial communities change from one glacier to another and both water pH and O2 concentration affect bacterial communities composition.

scholarly journals Neogene precipitation, vegetation, and elevation history of the Central Andean Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (35) ◽  
pp. eaaz4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martínez ◽  
C. Jaramillo ◽  
A. Correa-Metrío ◽  
W. Crepet ◽  
J. E. Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Plant Fossil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Fossil Data

Andean uplift played a fundamental role in shaping South American climate and species distribution, but the relationship between the rise of the Andes, plant composition, and local climatic evolution is poorly known. We investigated the fossil record (pollen, leaves, and wood) from the Neogene of the Central Andean Plateau and documented the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene. In contrast to regional climate model simulations, our climate inferences based on fossil data suggest wetter than modern precipitation conditions during the Pliocene, when the area was near modern elevations, and even wetter conditions during the Miocene, when the cordillera was around ~1700 meters above sea level. Our empirical data highlight the importance of the plant fossil record in studying past, present, and future climates and underscore the dynamic nature of high elevation ecosystems.

scholarly journals The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7,000 Years BP though European contact

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lindo ◽  
Randall Haas ◽  
Courtney Hofman ◽  
Mario Apata ◽  
Mauricio Moraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
South American ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Complex Modes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Andean Highlands

AbstractThe peopling of the Andean highlands above 2500m in elevation was a complex process that included cultural, biological and genetic adaptations. Here we present a time series of ancient whole genomes from the Andes of Peru, dating back to 7,000 calendar years before present (BP), and compare them to 64 new genome-wide genetic variation datasets from both high and lowland populations. We infer three significant features: a split between low and high elevation populations that occurred between 9200-8200 BP; a population collapse after European contact that is significantly more severe in South American lowlanders than in highland populations; and evidence for positive selection at genetic loci related to starch digestion and plausibly pathogen resistance after European contact. Importantly, we do not find selective sweep signals related to known components of the human hypoxia response, which may suggest more complex modes of genetic adaptation to high altitude.One Sentence SummaryAncient DNA from the Andes reveals a complex picture of human adaptation from early settlement to the colonial period.

scholarly journals A new large-flowered species of Andeimalva (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) from Peru

PhytoKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence J. Dorr ◽  
Carolina Romero-Hernández ◽  
Kenneth J. Wurdack
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Small Genus ◽  
Northern Species

Andeimalvaperuviana Dorr & C.Romero, sp. nov., the third Peruvian endemic in a small genus of five species, is described and illustrated from a single collection made at high elevation on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data resolve a group of northern species of Andeimalva found in Bolivia and Peru from the morphologically very different southern A.chilensis. The new species bears the largest flowers of any Andeimalva and is compared with Bolivian A.mandonii. A revised key to the genus is presented.

Poa (Poaceae) of Colombia: A Taxonomic Revision

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Sylvester ◽  
Robert J. Soreng ◽  
William J. Bravo-Pedraza ◽  
Lia E. Cuta-Alarcon ◽  
Diego Giraldo-Cañas
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New Records ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
New Variety ◽  
The Andes ◽  
A New Species

The grass genus Poa L. is widespread throughout temperate areas of the Andes, being a common constituent in the highly diverse but threatened high-elevation páramo grasslands of northwest South America. Knowledge of Poa from these páramo areas is very limited, however, with no comprehensive taxonomic treatments available for Colombia, which contains the largest area of páramo in the Neotropics and its surrounding countries. We present a taxonomic revision of Poa for Colombia accepting 15 species, including two recent combinations of Poa previously circumscribed in Aphanelytrum (Hack.) Hack. We describe a new species, P. colombiana Soreng & Sylvester, and a new variety, P. subspicata (J. Presl) Kunth var. glabrata Soreng & Sylvester, for Colombia and Ecuador. Poa colombiana is similar to P. aequatoriensis Hack. but differs in having lemmas pubescent on the keel and marginal veins, lemma apices weakly acute, flag leaf sheath margins fused 20%–38% their length, and anthers generally larger, > 1.2 mm long. Poa subspicata var. glabrata differs from P. subspicata s. str. in having glabrous lemmas. We provide two new records for Colombia of P. huancavelicae Tovar, and P. mucuchachensis Luces. Two species, P. orthophylla Pilg. and P. reclinata (Swallen) Soreng & P. M. Peterson, are considered endemic to Colombia. Poa soderstromii Negritto & Anton is placed as a subspecies of P. orthophylla, and P. leioclada Hack. is synonymized under P. mulalensis Kunth. The names P. annua L. var. exilis Tomm. ex Freyn, P. humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm., P. infirma Kunth, P. leioclada, P. orthophylla, P. pauciflora Roem. & Schult., P. pratensis L. subsp. irrigata (Lindm.) H. Lindb., P. puberula Steud., P. pubiflora Benth., P. subcaerulea Sm., P. subspicata, and P. trachyphylla Pilg. are lectotypified, P. mulalensis is neotypified, and P. trachyphylla is epitypified. Four species are exotic and introduced from Europe: P. annua, P. infirma, P. pratensis, and P. trivialis L. We provide a key, descriptions, illustrations, distribution and habitat information, vouchers, and notes for each species.

One Hundred Years of Solitude: rediscovery of Catasticta lycurgus (Godman & Salvin, 1880), a yellow butterfly from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4975 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-186
Author(s):  
BLANCA HUERTAS ◽  
CARLOS PRIETO ◽  
FREDY MONTERO ◽  
MIKE ADAMS ◽  
JEAN FRANÇOIS LE CROM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

Catasticta lycurgus is a striking endemic butterfly, restricted to high elevation habitats in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain range separate from the Andes in the north of Colombia. The type, which for almost a hundred years was the only known specimen, was collected in 1878 by Frederick Simons in the vicinity of Atánquez and was sent to the UK to be described by renowned naturalists Godman and Salvin in 1880. In 1972, explorers Adams and Bernard collected a second specimen of C. lycurgus in the locality of San Pedro at 2,900m of elevation in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. These two specimens were the only known ones for many decades until recently, when Colombian entomologists found the species again in San Pedro de la Sierra and later, when a female was discovered in 2013. Here, we report the rediscovery of this rare and charismatic species, with new specimens collected near the type locality, which have not been reported previously. The female of C. lycurgus is described and illustrated for the first time as well the male genitalia of this species. We combine all information available to provide some insights on the systematic relationships of this species within the genus Catasticta Butler, discuss its distribution and provide a preliminary conservation assessment. Despite the newly collected specimens, the species remains very rare in the field and in collections. 

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity of autotrophic enriched cultures from remote, glacial Antarctic, Alpine and Andean aerosol, snow and soil samples

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. González-Toril ◽  
R. Amils ◽  
R. J. Delmas ◽  
J.-R. Petit ◽  
J. Komárek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Aerosol Sample ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Antarctic Soil ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Enriched Cultures ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Four different communities and one culture of autotrophic microbial assemblages were obtained by incubation of samples collected from high elevation snow in the Alps (Mt. Blanc area) and the Andes (Nevado Illimani summit, Bolivia), from Antarctic aerosol (French station Dumont d'Urville) and a maritime Antarctic soil (King George Island, South Shetlands, Uruguay Station Artigas), in a minimal mineral (oligotrophic) media. Molecular analysis of more than 200 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all cultured cells belong to the Bacteria domain. Phylogenetic comparison with the currently available rDNA database allowed sequences belonging to Proteobacteria Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-proteobacteria), Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla to be identified. The Andes snow culture was the richest in bacterial diversity (eight microorganisms identified) and the marine Antarctic soil the poorest (only one). Snow samples from Col du Midi (Alps) and the Andes shared the highest number of identified microorganisms (Agrobacterium, Limnobacter, Aquiflexus and two uncultured Alphaproteobacteria clones). These two sampling sites also shared four sequences with the Antarctic aerosol sample (Limnobacter, Pseudonocardia and an uncultured Alphaproteobacteriaclone). The only microorganism identified in the Antarctica soil (Brevundimonas sp.) was also detected in the Antarctic aerosol. Most of the identified microorganisms had been detected previously in cold environments, marine sediments soils and rocks. Air current dispersal is the best model to explain the presence of very specific microorganisms, like those identified in this work, in environments very distant and very different from each other.

scholarly journals Spatial expansions and travelling waves of rabies in vampire bats

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1832) ◽  
pp. 20160328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio A. Benavides ◽  
William Valderrama ◽  
Daniel G. Streicker
Keyword(s):  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscapes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Viral Emergence ◽  
Vampire Bat

A major obstacle to anticipating the cross-species transmission of zoonotic diseases and developing novel strategies for their control is the scarcity of data informing how these pathogens circulate within natural reservoir populations. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir of rabies in Latin America, where the disease remains among the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock. Unpredictable spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies within bat populations have precluded anticipation of outbreaks and undermined widespread bat culling programs. By analysing 1146 vampire bat-transmitted rabies (VBR) outbreaks in livestock across 12 years in Peru, we demonstrate that viral expansions into historically uninfected zones have doubled the recent burden of VBR. Viral expansions are geographically widespread, but severely constrained by high elevation peaks in the Andes mountains. Within Andean valleys, invasions form wavefronts that are advancing towards large, unvaccinated livestock populations that are heavily bitten by bats, which together will fuel high transmission and mortality. Using spatial models, we forecast the pathways of ongoing VBR epizootics across heterogeneous landscapes. These results directly inform vaccination strategies to mitigate impending viral emergence, reveal VBR as an emerging rather than an enzootic disease and create opportunities to test novel interventions to manage viruses in bat reservoirs.

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