scholarly journals Knockdown of the Adipokinetic Hormone Receptor Increases Feeding Frequency in the Two-Spotted Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (7) ◽  
pp. 3111-3122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Konuma ◽  
Nobukatsu Morooka ◽  
Hiromichi Nagasawa ◽  
Shinji Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Starvation Resistance ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Adipokinetic Hormone ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Metabolic State ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a peptide hormone that regulates the nutritional state in insects by supporting the mobilization of lipids. In the present study, we manipulated AKH signaling to evaluate how metabolic state regulates feeding in an orthopteran insect, the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. This was accomplished by RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the receptor gene for AKH [G. bimaculatus AKHR (GrybiAKHR)]. We found that the knockdown of GrybiAKHR by AKHR-double-stranded RNA treatment decreased the levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol and trehalose in the hemolymph, whereas it increased the level of triacylglycerol in the fat body. In addition, the knockdown of GrybiAKHR enhanced starvation resistance and increased food intake. Furthermore, direct observation of GrybiAKHRRNAi crickets revealed that the knockdown of GrybiAKHR increased feeding frequency but did not alter meal duration, whereas locomotor activity decreased. The increased frequency of feeding by GrybiAKHRRNAi crickets eventually resulted in an increase of food intake. These data demonstrate that the regulation of the metabolic state by AKH signaling affects feeding frequency, probably through nutritional control.

scholarly journals The gut hormone Allatostatin C regulates food intake and metabolic homeostasis under nutrient stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kubrak ◽  
Line Jensen ◽  
Nadja Ahrentløv ◽  
Takashi Koyama ◽  
Alina Malita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Adipokinetic Hormone ◽  
Energy Mobilization ◽  
Gut Hormone

AbstractThe intestine is a central regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Dietary inputs are absorbed through the gut, which senses their nutritional value and relays hormonal information to other organs to coordinate systemic energy balance. However, the specific gut hormones that communicate energy availability to target organs to induce appropriate metabolic and behavioral responses are poorly defined. Here we show that the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the Drosophila gut sense nutrient stress via the intracellular TOR pathway, and in response secrete the peptide hormone allatostatin C (AstC). Gut-derived AstC induces secretion of glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) via its receptor AstC-R2, a homolog of mammalian somatostatin receptors, to coordinate food intake and energy mobilization. Loss of gut AstC or its receptor in the AKH-producing cells impairs lipid and sugar mobilization during fasting, leading to hypoglycemia. Our findings illustrate a nutrient-responsive endocrine mechanism that maintains energy homeostasis under nutrient-stress conditions, a function that is essential to health and whose failure can lead to metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Activation of innate immune signalling during development predisposes to inflammatory intestine and shortened lifespan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoko Yamashita ◽  
Ayano Oi ◽  
Hina Kosakamoto ◽  
Toshitaka Yamauchi ◽  
Hibiki Kadoguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Starvation Resistance ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Immune Pathway

Early-life inflammatory response is associated with risks of age-related pathologies. How transient immune signalling activity during animal development influences life-long fitness is not well understood. Using Drosophila as a model, we find that activation of innate immune pathway IMD signalling in the developing larvae increases adult starvation resistance, decreases food intake, and shortens organismal lifespan. Interestingly, lifespan is shortened by the IMD activation in the larval gut and fat body, while starvation resistance and food intake are altered by that in neurons. The adult flies developed with IMD activation show sustained IMD activity in the gut, despite complete tissue renewal during metamorphosis. The inflammatory adult gut is associated with a greater amount of Gluconobacter sp., characteristic gut microbiota increased in response to immune activation. Removing gut microbiota by antibiotics attenuates the increase of IMD activity and rescues the shortened lifespan. This study demonstrates a tissue-specific programming effect of early-life immune activation on the adult physiology and organismal lifespan.

scholarly journals The gut hormone Allatostatin C/Somatostatin regulates food intake and metabolic homeostasis under nutrient stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kubrak ◽  
Line Jensen ◽  
Nadja Ahrentloev ◽  
Takashi Koyama ◽  
Alina Malita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Adipokinetic Hormone ◽  
Energy Mobilization ◽  
Gut Hormone

Abstract The intestine is a central regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Dietary inputs are absorbed through the gut, which senses their nutritional value and relays hormonal information to other organs to coordinate systemic energy balance. However, the specific gut hormones that communicate energy availability to target organs to induce appropriate metabolic and behavioral responses are poorly defined. Here we show that the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the Drosophila gut sense nutrient stress via the intracellular TOR pathway, and in response secrete the peptide hormone allatostatin C (AstC), a Drosophila Somatostatin homolog. Gut-derived AstC induces secretion of glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) via its receptor AstC-R2, a homolog of mammalian somatostatin receptors, to coordinate food intake and energy mobilization. Loss of gut AstC or its receptor in the AKH-producing cells impairs lipid and sugar mobilization during fasting, leading to hypoglycemia. Our findings illustrate a nutrient-responsive endocrine mechanism that maintains energy homeostasis under nutrient-stress conditions, a function that is essential to health and whose failure can lead to metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Effect of yeast and essential oil-enriched diets on critical determinants of health and immune function in Africanized Apis mellifera

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12164
Author(s):  
César Canché-Collí ◽  
Humberto Estrella-Maldonado ◽  
Luis A. Medina-Medina ◽  
Humberto Moo-Valle ◽  
Luz Maria Calvo-Irabien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Starmerella Bombicola ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Brewers Yeast

Nutrition is vital for health and immune function in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The effect of diets enriched with bee-associated yeasts and essential oils of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) was tested on survival, food intake, accumulated fat body tissue, and gene expression of vitellogenin (Vg), prophenoloxidase (proPO) and glucose oxidase (GOx) in newly emerged worker bees. The enriched diets were provided to bees under the premise that supplementation with yeasts or essential oils can enhance health variables and the expression of genes related to immune function in worker bees. Based on a standard pollen substitute, used as a control diet, enriched diets were formulated, five with added bee-associated yeasts (Starmerella bombicola, Starmerella etchellsii, Starmerella bombicola 2, Zygosaccharomyces mellis, and the brewers’ yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and three with added essential oils from L. graveolens (carvacrol, thymol, and sesquiterpenes). Groups of bees were fed one of the diets for 9 or 12 days. Survival probability was similar in the yeast and essential oils treatments in relation to the control, but median survival was lower in the carvacrol and sesquiterpenes treatments. Food intake was higher in all the yeast treatments than in the control. Fat body percentage in individual bees was slightly lower in all treatments than in the control, with significant decreases in the thymol and carvacrol treatments. Expression of the genes Vg, proPO, and GOx was minimally affected by the yeast treatments but was adversely affected by the carvacrol and thymol treatments.

Relationships between nutrition and fertility in dairy cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Callaghan ◽  
J.M. Lozano ◽  
J. Fahey ◽  
V. Gath ◽  
S. Snijders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic State ◽  
Developmental Capacity

AbstractThe reduced fertility that is becoming more evident in high yielding dairy cows may be related to many factors including changes in milk production, food intake and fluctuations in body condition. Metabolic and production markers have been studied as a way of predicting success to a particular artificial insemination. Successful conception to a particular service was not associated with milk production, body condition or plasma concentrations of several indicators of metabolic state around the time if insemination. This highlights the importance of time of information collection in fertility management programmes. Increased food intake may reduce systemic progesterone concentrations. This is more evident in sheep than cattle, but a positive relationship between systemic progesterone early post mating and establishment of pregnancy in cattle has been reported. However, progesterone concentrations in the ovarian vein and endometrium are not strongly correlated with systemic progesterone. Thus, the significance of modest changes in systemic progesterone in affecting oocyte and embryo development must be questioned. Blood urea concentrations can be altered by diet, and reduced pregnancy rates have been reported in cows with high urea concentrations. However, in other recent studies, no difference was reported in serum urea in cows that conceived and those that failed to conceive. Pregnancy rate was equally high in heifers when in-vitro produced embryos were transferred to heifers on high and low urea diets. When embryos were produced in sheep on high and low dietary urea, the effects on embryo development appear to occur early in the developmental process, suggesting a substantial effect on the development of the oocyte. The developmental capacity of oocytes and quality of embryos is reduced in cattle maintained on extremely high dietary intakes. Oocyte developmental capacity is reduced in cows of higher genetic merit and embryo quality can be substantially reduced in the early postpartum period. Collectively, these results suggest that high dietary intake or high metabolic load is deleterious to normal oocyte development and establishment of pregnancy. This highlights the importance of further studies on the effect of dietary intake on metabolic state and follicle, oocyte and embryo development. In a practical context, these results highlight the importance of nutritional management and avoiding changes in the amount or type of diet around the time of mating in high-production dairy cows.

scholarly journals Growth in weight and of some tissues in the bullfrog: fitting nonlinear models during the fattening phase

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Maia Pereira ◽  
Cleber Fernando Menegasso Mansano ◽  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Marta Verardino De Stéfani
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Growth Of Animals ◽  
Cumulative Food Intake

Knowledge of the growth of animals is important so that zootechnical activity can be more accurate and sustainable. The objective of this study was to describe the live weight, development of liver tissue and fat body, leg growth, and cumulative food intake of bullfrogs during the fattening phase using nonlinear models. A total of 2,375 bullfrog froglets with an initial weight of 7.03 ± 0.16 g were housed in five fattening pens (12 m²). Ten samplings were performed at intervals of 14 days to obtain the variables studied. These data were used to estimate the parameters of Gompertz and logistic models as a function of time. The estimated values of weight (Wm) and food intake (FIm) at maturity and time when the growth rate is maximum (t*) were closer to expected values when the logistic model was used. The Wm values for live weight and liver, adipose and leg weights and the FIm value for food intake were 343.7, 15.7, 19.6, 96.03 and 369.3 g, respectively, with t* at 109, 98, 105, 109 and 107 days. Therefore, the logistic model was the best model to estimate the growth and food intake of bullfrogs during the fattening phase.

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