scholarly journals Hyperosmolar Duodenal Saline Infusion Lowers Circulating Ghrelin and Stimulates Intestinal Hormone Release in Young Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 4409-4418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Veedfald ◽  
Tongzhi Wu ◽  
Michelle Bound ◽  
Jacqueline Grivell ◽  
Bolette Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Ghrelin Secretion

AbstractContextThe mechanisms regulating the postprandial suppression of ghrelin secretion remain unclear, but recent observations in rats indicate that an increase in duodenal osmolarity is associated with a reduction in ghrelin levels. Several hormones have been implicated in the regulation of ghrelin.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that intraduodenal infusion of a hyperosmolar solution would lower plasma ghrelin concentrations.Design, Setting, Participants, and InterventionsEighteen healthy young men were studied after an overnight fast on two occasions in a randomized double-blinded fashion. A nasoduodenal catheter was positioned and isoosmolar (300 mOsm/L) or hyperosmolar (1500 mOsm/L) saline was infused intraduodenally (4 mL/min, t = 0 to 45 minutes). Venous blood was sampled at t = −45, −30, −15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, and 180 minutes.Main Outcome MeasuresPlasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neurotensin (NT), peptide YY (PYY), motilin, and glucose.ResultsGhrelin concentrations were suppressed with hyperosmolar when compared with isoosmolar saline, and remained lower until t = 180 minutes. CCK, NT, GLP-1, PYY, and glucagon all increased during hyperosmolar, but not isoosmolar, saline infusion (P < 0.01 for all), whereas GIP, PP, and motilin levels were not affected by either infusion.ConclusionsPlasma ghrelin concentrations are lowered, whereas CCK, GLP-1, PYY, NT, and glucagon concentrations are augmented, by hyperosmolar duodenal content in healthy individuals. These observations have implications for the evaluation of studies comparing the effects of different types and loads of nutrients and chemicals on gut hormone secretion.

Cholecystokinin is a Satiety Hormone in Humans at Physiological Post-Prandial Plasma Concentrations

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Ballinger ◽  
Lorraine McLoughlin ◽  
Sami Medbak ◽  
Michael Clark
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Plasma Cholecystokinin ◽  
Satiety Hormone

1. Intravenous infusions of the brain/gut hormone, cholecystokinin, have been shown to reduce food intake in a subsequent test meal. However, in previous studies the doses administered were large and likely to have produced plasma concentrations far in excess of the normal post-prandial range. 2. In this study cholecystokinin-8 was infused intravenously to six healthy subjects in doses that reproduced physiological post-prandial concentrations. Plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin were measured using a novel sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. The effect of cholecystokinin-8 infusion on subsequent food intake in a standard test meal was compared with the effect of saline infusion in the same subjects. 3. Food intake (mean ± SEM) was significantly less during cholecystokinin (5092 ± 665 kJ) than during saline infusion (6418 ± 723 kJ, P = 0.03). During cholecystokinin infusion, plasma concentrations increased from 0.45 ± 0.06 pmol/l to 7.28 ± 2.43 pmol/l immediately before the meal. With saline infusion there was no premeal increase in plasma cholecystokinin concentration. 4. This paper describes a novel radioimmunoassay for measurement of plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin. Using this assay we have demonstrated that cholecystokinin is important in control of satiety in humans.

scholarly journals Activation of Prostaglandin E Receptor 4 Triggers Secretion of Gut Hormone Peptides GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer Coskun ◽  
Libbey S. O’Farrell ◽  
Samreen K. Syed ◽  
Daniel A. Briere ◽  
Lisa S. Beavers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Ep Receptors ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Ep4 Receptor ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

Prostaglandins E1 and E2 are synthesized in the intestine and mediate a range of gastrointestinal functions via activation of the prostanoid E type (EP) family of receptors. We examined the potential role of EP receptors in the regulation of gut hormone secretion from L cells. Analysis of mRNA expression in mouse enteroendocrine GLUTag cells demonstrated the abundant expression of EP4 receptor, whereas expression of other EP receptors was much lower. Prostaglandin E1 and E2, nonselective agonists for all EP receptor subtypes, triggered glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion from GLUTag cells, as did the EP4-selective agonists CAY10580 and TCS2510. The effect of EP4 agonists on GLP-1 secretion was blocked by incubation of cells with the EP4-selective antagonist L161,982 or by down-regulating EP4 expression with specific small interfering RNA. Regulation of gut hormone secretion with EP4 agonists was further studied in mice. Administration of EP4 agonists to mice produced a significant elevation of plasma levels of GLP-1, glucagon like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and peptide YY (PYY), whereas gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) levels were not increased. Thus, our data demonstrate that activation of the EP4 receptor in enteroendocrine L cells triggers secretion of gut hormones.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Motility and Gut Hormone Secretion in response to Shenhuang Plaster in a Postoperative Ileus Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yanan Shi ◽  
Yingsong Zheng ◽  
Jingming Xu ◽  
Bin Ding ◽  
Qiyang Shou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Postoperative Ileus ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Gastrointestinal Function ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ghrelin Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Hormones ◽  
Gut Hormone

Postoperative ileus (POI), a gastrointestinal function disorder, is a complication that arises from surgery. Shenhuang plaster (SHP) application to the Shenque acupoint (CV8) to promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function has achieved definite curative effects in clinical settings; however, the underlying pharmacological mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of SHP using a Sprague Dawley rat POI model. Then, gastrointestinal transit in different rat groups was evaluated by the movement of fluorescein-labelled dextran. Ghrelin, obestatin, motilin (MTL), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plasma concentrations were measured via a radioimmunoassay. The expression of the ghrelin and obestatin receptors (GHS-R1α and GPR39) in the intestinal muscularis of rats in different groups was comparatively identified via western blotting. The results indicated that SHP application improved gastrointestinal motility in POI model rats. SHP application significantly increased ghrelin concentration and the expression of its receptor and inhibited obestatin concentration and the expression of its receptor in blood. Further, ghrelin concentration and the capability of gastrointestinal transit were positively correlated. Simultaneously, SHP application also promoted the secretion of other gastrointestinal motility hormones, such as MTL and VIP. Hence, these results provide evidence that SHP can promote the recovery of gastrointestinal transmission in POI rat models through regulation of ghrelin and other intestinal hormones.

Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine with and without Fentanyl after Continuous Epidural Infusion in Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1166-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold Lerman ◽  
Judith Nolan ◽  
Rob Eyres ◽  
Mark Schily ◽  
Peter Stoddart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Epidural Infusion ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Rescue Analgesia ◽  
Continuous Epidural Infusion ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Double Blinded

Background Levobupivacaine, the levo-enantiomer of bupivacaine, is as potent as bupivacaine but less toxic. Therefore, the authors investigated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of perioperative epidural levobupivacaine with and without fentanyl in children. Methods After Research Ethics Board approval and informed written consent, 120 healthy children aged 6 months to 12 yr who were scheduled to undergo urologic or abdominal surgery were randomized in a double-blinded and concealed manner to receive one of four epidural solutions as a continuous infusion for 24 h: 0.125% levobupivacaine; 0.0625% levobupivacaine; 1 mug/ml fentanyl; or the combination, 0.0625 levobupivacaine and 1 mug/ml fentanyl. After induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation, a lumbar epidural catheter was sited, a loading dose was administered (0.75 ml/kg levobupivacaine, 0.175%), and the epidural infusion was commenced. The primary endpoint was the need for rescue analgesia (morphine) in the first 10 h after surgery. Pain, motor strength, and side effects were recorded for 24 h. Venous blood was collected from 18 children to determine the plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine and/or fentanyl before and 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 26 or 30 h after the start of the epidural infusion. Results Of the 114 children who were analyzed for intention to treat, a similar number of children in each group reached the 10-h mark. The time to the first dose of morphine in the first 10 h was less in the plain fentanyl group (P < 0.044). All other effects were similar among the four groups. The plasma concentration of levobupivacaine increased during the infusion period, reaching a maximum of 0.76 +/- 0.11 mug/ml in the 0.125% group and 0.48 +/- 0.12 mug/ml in the 0.0625% group by 24 h. The plasma concentration of fentanyl also increased steadily, reaching a maximum concentration of 0.37 +/- 0.11 ng/ml by 24 h. Conclusion We conclude that 0.0625% levobupivacaine without fentanyl is an effective perioperative epidural solution in children when infused at a rate of 0.3 ml. kg-1. h-1. The plasma concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% levobupivacaine and fentanyl (1 mug/ml) at the end of a 24-h infusion are low.

Regulation of neurohypophysial hormone secretion in an Australian marsupial

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. R1319-R1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Bathgate ◽  
C. Sernia
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Plasma Osmolarity ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Infusion

The brushtail possum secretes the typically reptilian mesotocin (MT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) as its neurohypophysial hormones. In this study we have looked at the regulation of MT and AVP secretion in conscious possums by studying the effects of surgical stress and handling of animals, hypertonic saline infusion, hemorrhage, and angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion on the plasma concentrations of MT and AVP. Surgical insertion of a jugular catheter and handling stress increased MT secretion for 3 days after surgery without affecting plasma AVP concentrations. Hypertonic saline infusion induced a gradual increase in plasma osmolarity and Na+ concentration throughout the infusion, which steadily increased plasma AVP without affecting plasma K+ or hematocrit. The relationship between plasma osmolarity and AVP was exponential. Plasma MT was stimulated only by supraphysiological plasma osmolarities. ANG II increased plasma MT and AVP concentrations equipotently throughout the infusion. Hemorrhage was a relatively specific stimulus for AVP secretion, but MT secretion was highly stimulated during severe hypovolemia. It was concluded that MT and AVP secretion is differentially regulated in the possum.

scholarly journals Short-term treatment with olanzapine does not modulate gut hormone secretion: olanzapine disintegrating versus standard tablets

2010 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solrun Vidarsdottir ◽  
Ferdinand Roelfsema ◽  
Trea Streefland ◽  
Jens J Holst ◽  
Jens F Rehfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

BackgroundTreatment with olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic drug) is frequently associated with various metabolic anomalies, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Recent data suggest that olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), which dissolve instantaneously in the mouth, might cause less weight gain than olanzapine standard oral tablets (OST).Design and methodsTen healthy men received olanzapine ODT (10 mg o.d., 8 days), olanzapine OST (10 mg o.d., 8 days), or no intervention in a randomized crossover design. At breakfast and dinner, blood samples were taken for measurement of pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, total glucagon, total ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations.ResultsWith the exception of pre- and postprandial concentration of ghrelin at dinner and preprandial CCK concentrations at breakfast, which were all slightly increased (respectivelyP=0.048,P=0.034 andP=0.042), olanzapine did not affect gut hormone concentrations. Thus, olanzapine ODT and OST had similar effects on gut hormone secretion.ConclusionShort-term treatment with olanzapine does not have major impact on the plasma concentration of gut hormones we measured in healthy men. Moreover, despite pharmacological difference, gut hormone concentrations are similar during treatment with olanzapine ODT and OST. The capacity of olanzapine to induce weight gain and diabetes is unlikely to be caused by modulation of the secretion of gut hormones measured here. We cannot exclude the possibility that olanzapine's impact on other gut hormones, to impair insulin sensitivity and stimulate weight gain, exists.

scholarly journals Fructose stimulates GLP-1 but not GIP secretion in mice, rats, and humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (7) ◽  
pp. G622-G630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune E. Kuhre ◽  
Fiona M. Gribble ◽  
Bolette Hartmann ◽  
Frank Reimann ◽  
Johanne A. Windeløv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Murine Cell Line ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Cell Depolarization ◽  
Gip Release

Nutrients often stimulate gut hormone secretion, but the effects of fructose are incompletely understood. We studied the effects of fructose on a number of gut hormones with particular focus on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In healthy humans, fructose intake caused a rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin and GLP-1, albeit to a lower degree than isocaloric glucose. Cholecystokinin secretion was stimulated similarly by both carbohydrates, but neither peptide YY3–36nor glucagon secretion was affected by either treatment. Remarkably, while glucose potently stimulated GIP release, fructose was without effect. Similar patterns were found in the mouse and rat, with both fructose and glucose stimulating GLP-1 secretion, whereas only glucose caused GIP secretion. In GLUTag cells, a murine cell line used as model for L cells, fructose was metabolized and stimulated GLP-1 secretion dose-dependently (EC50= 0.155 mM) by ATP-sensitive potassium channel closure and cell depolarization. Because fructose elicits GLP-1 secretion without simultaneous release of glucagonotropic GIP, the pathways underlying fructose-stimulated GLP-1 release might be useful targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity drug development.

Colonic lactulose fermentation has no impact on glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide-YY secretion in healthy young men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bayer Christiansen ◽  
Simon Veedfald ◽  
Bolette Hartmann ◽  
Astrid Marie Gauguin ◽  
Søren Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
L Cell ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
The Many ◽  
Peptide Secretion ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context The colon houses most of our gut microbiota, which ferments indigestible carbohydrates. The products of fermentation have been proposed to influence the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) from the many endocrine cells in the colonic epithelium. However, little is known about the colonic contribution to fasting or postprandial plasma levels of L-cell products. Objective To determine the impact of colonic lactulose fermentation on gut peptide secretion and to evaluate whether colonic endocrine secretion contributes to gut hormone concentrations measurable in the fasting state. Research Design and Methods Ten healthy young men were studied on three occasions after an overnight fast. On two study days, lactulose (20 g) was given orally, and compared to water intake on a third study day. For one of the lactulose visits participants underwent a full colonic evacuation. Over a six-hour study protocol, lactulose fermentation was assessed by measuring exhaled hydrogen (H2), while gut peptide secretion, paracetamol and short chain fatty acid levels were measured in plasma. Results Colonic evacuation markedly reduced hydrogen exhalation after lactulose intake (p=0.013). Our analysis suggests that the colon does not account for the measurable amounts of GLP-1 and PYY present in the circulation during fasting, and that fermentation and peptide secretion are not acutely related. Conclusion Whether colonic luminal contents affect colonic L-cell secretion sufficiently to influence circulating concentrations requires further investigation. Colonic evacuation markedly reduced lactulose fermentation, but hormone releases were unchanged in the present study.

Effects of load, and duration, of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. R668-R677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia N. Pilichiewicz ◽  
Tanya J. Little ◽  
Ixchel M. Brennan ◽  
James H. Meyer ◽  
Judith M. Wishart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Lipid Infusion ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Infusion Period

Enterally administered lipid modulates antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormone release, appetite, and energy intake. We hypothesized that these effects would be dependent on both the load, and duration, of small intestinal exposure to lipid. Eleven healthy men were studied on four occasions in a double-blind, randomized, fashion. Antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations, and appetite perceptions were measured during intraduodenal infusion of lipid (Intralipid) at 1) 1.33 kcal/min for 50 min, 2) 4 kcal/min for 50 min, and 3) 1.33 kcal/min for 150 min, or 4) saline for 150 min. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake was quantified. Pressure wave sequences (PWSs) were suppressed, and basal pyloric pressure, isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs), plasma CCK and PYY stimulated (all P < 0.05), during the first 50 min of lipid infusion, in a load-dependent fashion. The effect of the 4 kcal/min infusion was sustained so that the suppression of antral pressure waves (PWs) and PWSs and increase in PYY remained evident after cessation of the infusion (all P < 0.05). The prolonged lipid infusion (1.33 kcal/min for 150 min) suppressed antral PWs, stimulated CCK and PYY and basal pyloric pressure (all P < 0.05), and tended to stimulate IPPWs when compared with saline throughout the entire infusion period. There was no significant effect of any of the lipid infusions on appetite or energy intake, although nausea was slightly higher ( P < 0.05) with the 4 kcal/min infusion. In conclusion, both the load, and duration, of small intestinal lipid influence antropyloroduodenal motility and patterns of CCK and PYY release.

scholarly journals UTS2B Defines a Novel Enteroendocrine Cell Population and Regulates GLP-1 Secretion Through SSTR5 in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (12) ◽  
pp. 2849-2860
Author(s):  
Cong Tang ◽  
Iwona Ksiazek ◽  
Noemie Siccardi ◽  
Berangere Gapp ◽  
Delphine Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatostatin Receptor ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cell ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Cellular Source ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Abstract The gut-pancreas axis plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and may be therapeutically exploited to treat not only type 2 diabetes but also hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. We identify a novel enteroendocrine cell type expressing the peptide hormone urotensin 2B (UTS2B). UTS2B inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in mouse intestinal crypts and organoids, not by signaling through its cognate receptor UTS2R but through the activation of the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 5. Circulating UTS2B concentrations in mice are physiologically regulated during starvation, further linking this peptide hormone to metabolism. Furthermore, administration of UTS2B to starved mice demonstrates that it is capable of regulating blood glucose and plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and insulin in vivo. Altogether, our results identify a novel cellular source of UTS2B in the gut, which acts in a paracrine manner to regulate GLP-1 secretion through SSTR5. These findings uncover a fine-tuning mechanism mediated by a ligand-receptor pair in the regulation of gut hormone secretion, which can potentially be exploited to correct metabolic unbalance caused by overactivation of the gut-pancreas axis.

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