Comparison of Experimentally Induced and Naturally Occurring Sensitivity to Leucine Hypoglycemia1

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH F. KNOPF ◽  
STEFAN S. FAJANS ◽  
JOHN C. FLOYD ◽  
JEROME W. CONN
Keyword(s):  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Studies in fleece-rot of sheep.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Similar Condition ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sufficient Intensity ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Occasions of unduly heavy and prolonged rainfall during the period April 1946 – July 1951 resulted in the occurrence of fleece-rot in sheep of the Field Station flock in each of the six years. Data obtained from periodic examinations of the flock have been related to the nature of climatic conditions associated with outbreaks of the disease. They show that when rain occurs in falls of sufficient intensity and frequency to wet sheep to the skin for a period of a week or more, fleece-rot may be expected to develop in some of them. The longer the period for which the sheep are kept wet, the greater the number in a flock which will be affected. Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in four out of five Merino sheep known to be susceptible to the condition, whereas five animals known to be resistant were unaffected by the same treatment. Microscopic examination of skin sections taken from naturally occurring cases revealed the presence of a dermatitis. A similar condition was observed in skin sections from the animals in which fleece-rot was experimentally induced. Young sheep were found to be more susceptible than old. There was no association between degree of wrinkling and susceptibility or between 'grip' and susceptibility. When subjectively-appraised attributes of the fleece were related to the occurrence of fleece-rot, confusing results were obtained. However, when measured fleece data, obtained from a group of Merino sheep which had been under observation for four consecutive years, were considered, it was found that those for clean-scoured yield, wax and suint ratio, and density of fibre population per unit area of skin surface, were related to resistance or susceptibility. Nevertheless, a number of animals were found which were susceptible or resistant to the disease despite the nature of their fleece attributes. Differences in susceptibility were found between families of Merino sheep. These are associated with between-family differences for the fleece attributes found to be important in fleece-rot reaction.

scholarly journals A FINE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CLEAVAGE INDUCTION AND FURROWING IN THE EGGS OF ARBACIA PUNCTULATA

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis G. Tilney ◽  
Douglas Marsland
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Cleavage Division ◽  
Arbacia Punctulata ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Normal Division ◽  
Experimentally Induced

A fine structural study has been carried out on the various formed elements present before, during, and after the first cleavage division, not only in normally developing Arbacia eggs, but also in eggs which have been induced to cleave prematurely by high-pressure centrifugation. The aim has been to ascertain whether or not any of the morphologically identifiable components may be involved in initiating the furrowing process. Also, attention has been given to the fine structure of the cytoplasmic cortex, particulary in the walls of the furrow, in the hope of reaching a better understanding of the mechanics of cleavage. The annulate lamellae and the membranous envelope of the nucleus are the only formed elements which disappear shortly before cleavage, not only in eggs undergoing normal division, but also in eggs which have been induced to cleave ahead of schedule by high-pressure, high-force centrifugation. Therefore, it is suggested as a tentative hypothesis that materials liberated upon disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the annulate lamellae play an essential role in initiating and effecting the furrowing reaction, especially since the stratification of these elements in experimentally induced eggs corresponds to the position of the developing furrow. Another of the membranous elements in the egg, the Golgi complex, shows considerable modification as a result of high-pressure centrifugation, but these structures do not undergo disintegration. Rather, they become curled into rounded bodies. The vacuole population is not greatly affected by inducing treatments. During cleavage, both naturally occurring and experimentally induced, a considerable number of 50 A filaments appear in the denser cytoplasmic cortex, but only in the walls of the furrow. These filaments are similar to those which have been demonstrated in a number of contractile cells. Accordingly, it is suggested that this fibrillar system may be actively involved in the development of the cleavage force.

scholarly journals State Anxiety and Alcohol Choice: Evidence from Experimental and Online Observational Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddy Dyer ◽  
Alexander Graham Board ◽  
Lee Hogarth ◽  
Steph Suddell ◽  
Jon Heron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Drinking To Cope ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Challenge ◽  
Experimentally Induced

We conducted two experiments using the 7.5% carbon dioxide challenge (Studies 1 and 2) and an observational study (Study 3) to investigate the relationships between state anxiety and alcohol-related outcomes (primarily alcohol choice) (ns = 42, 60, 218, respectively). We also explored whether drinking to cope (DTC) motives moderated these relationships. In Study 1, experimentally-induced state anxiety increased alcohol choice (dz = .65, p <.001). This finding was replicated in Study 2, but the effect was weaker (ηp2 = .056, p = .076). Furthermore, DTC moderated the effect (ηp 2 = .106, p = .013). However, in Study 3 there was no clear evidence of an association between naturally-occurring state anxiety and alcohol choice (b = 0.05, p = .654), or a moderating role of DTC (b = 6.66, p = .311). Experimentally-induced, but not naturally-occurring, state anxiety increases alcohol choice, although state anxiety was lower in the non-manipulated sample.

scholarly journals Serial measurements of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Scavone ◽  
Micaela Sgorbini ◽  
Alexandre S. Borges ◽  
José P. Oliveira-Filho ◽  
Valentina Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Septic Inflammation ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Serial Measurements ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Abstract Background Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an antioxidant enzyme, whose activity decreases during the acute phase response in many species. Little is known about PON-1 and its role as a negative acute phase protein during septic inflammation in horses, but promising findings about its utility in diagnosing SIRS and predicting the outcome in diseased horses, were recently highlighted. The objective of the study was to investigate the behaviour of PON-1 in horses after experimentally induced endotoxemia. To this aim, PON-1 activity was measured on 66 plasma samples collected from six clinically healthy mares, previously included in another study, before and at multiple time points between 12 and 240 h after intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Compared with baseline values, a progressive transient decrease of PON-1 activity was observed starting from 24 h post-infusion, with lowest values observed between 3 to 7 days post-infusion, followed by a normalisation to pre-infusion levels the tenth day. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that measurement and monitoring of PON-1 activity might be useful to evaluate progression and recovery from endotoxemia in horses. Further studies in horses with naturally occurring sepsis are warranted.

Influences of naturally occurring and experimentally induced porcine pneumonia on blood parameters

2003 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Müller ◽  
H Köhler ◽  
R Diller ◽  
A Raßbach ◽  
A Berndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Slipping on superlemmas

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koenraad Kuiper ◽  
Marie-Elaine van Egmond ◽  
Gerard Kempen ◽  
Simone Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Slips Of The Tongue ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lexical Concepts ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Only relatively recently have theories of speech production concerned themselves with the part idioms and other multi-word lexical items (MLIs) play in the processes of speech production. Two theories of speech production which attempt to account for the accessing of idioms in speech production are those of Cutting and Bock (1997) and superlemma theory (Sprenger, 2003; Sprenger, Levelt, & Kempen, 2006). Much of the data supporting theories of speech production comes either from time course experiments or from slips of the tongue (Bock & Levelt, 1994). The latter are of two kinds: experimentally induced (Baars, 1992) or naturally observed (Fromkin, 1980). Cutting and Bock use experimentally induced speech errors while Sprenger et al. use time course experiments. The missing data type that has a bearing on speech production involving MLIs is that of naturally occurring slips. In this study the impact of data taken from naturally observed slips involving English and Dutch MLIs are brought to bear on these theories. The data are taken initially from a corpus of just over 1000 naturally observed English slips involving MLIs (the Tuggy corpus). Our argument proceeds as follows. First we show that slips occur independent of whether or not there are MLIs involved. In other words, speech production proceeds in certain of its aspects as though there were no MLI present. We illustrate these slips from the Tuggy data. Second we investigate the predictions of superlemma theory. Superlemma theory (Sprenger et al., 2006) accounts for the selection of MLIs and how their properties enter processes of speech production. It predicts certain activation patterns dependent on a MLI being selected. Each such pattern might give rise to slips of the tongue. This set of predictions is tested against the Tuggy data. Each of the predicted activation patterns yields a significant number of slips. These findings are therefore compatible with a view of MLIs as single units in so far as their activation by lexical concepts goes. However, the theory also predicts that some slips are likely not to occur. We confirm that such slips are not present in the data. These findings are further corroborated by reference a second smaller dataset of slips involving Dutch MLIs (the Kempen corpus). We then use slips involving irreversible binomials to distinguish between the predictions of superlemma theory which are supported by slips involving irreversible binomials and the Cutting and Bock model’s predictions for slips involving these MLIs which are not.

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