The Curious Case of the Octagonal Temple

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-197
Author(s):  
Fiona Buckee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Multiple Features ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The Temple

Abstract The Muṇḍeśvarī temple near Bhabuā in southwest Bihar is an octagonal, sandstone monument without a spire. Scholars have dated the temple to the first half of the seventh century, primarily on account of early inscriptions from the site and the style of the door frames. Few monuments survive from this nascent stage of structural North Indian temple architecture, and the Muṇḍeśvarī temple is intriguing because it is an anomaly in terms of its size, composition, and the shape of its plan. This study argues that the Muṇḍeśvarī temple has been misdated, and presents a systematic architectural analysis that highlights multiple features and irregularities that are incompatible with early North Indian design. The paper proposes that, rather than being seventh century, the octagonal shrine was built about a millennia later, in the sixteenth–seventeenth century, incorporating doorways and moldings salvaged from the ruins of the seventh century temples that once graced the hilltop. The latter part of the article considers how the Muṇḍeśvarī temple came to be buried by the end of the eighteenth century, and questions whether the Archaeological Survey of India might have altered the temple's appearance during the reconstructive work they undertook at the start of the twentieth century.

Emerson and Whitehead

PMLA ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
Harry Modean Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment

In his discerning book entitled Emerson's Angle of Vision, Sherman Paul has pointed out two fundamental ways in which Whitehead, in spite of some obvious differences, is like Emerson. Both Emerson and Whitehead, says Paul, exalted the moral, ethical, and imaginative science of the seventeenth century over the analytical rationalism of the eighteenth century, and, as a logical consequence of this emphasis, both condemned Lockean sensationalism in the same way. Following Professor Paul's suggestion, the purpose of this study is to explore in some detail the basic views of Emerson and Whitehead about religion—man's relation to Nature and God. The remarkable similarities between the views of Emerson and those of Whitehead on this subject may not indicate much, if any, indebtedness of the twentieth-century philosopher to his nineteenth-century predecessor, but if these parallels are extensive and important enough, they may well indicate that Whitehead's total achievement in the philosophy of religion is like that of Emerson—that, religiously, Whitehead may be said to be a kind of twentieth-century Emerson, in one important way, as may appear, more of a transcendentalist than Emerson. Indeed, though the obscurity of his style will prevent him from being as popular as his predecessor, Whitehead's influence as a leader in the religious revolt against the “philosophy of logical analysis” and the other philosophies that make ours an “age of analysis” may in time be as great as that of Emerson in the similar romantic-transcendentalist revolt against the analytical rationalism of the age of “Enlightenment.” More of this later, but first let us examine the evidence.

scholarly journals EDITORIAL

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
JOHN BUTT
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
The Human Condition

I clearly remember that when this journal was first devised there lay some niggling doubt behind my tremendous enthusiasm for this timely initiative. Wasn’t there something problematic about viewing the eighteenth century as a whole? Did I intuit some sort of fundamental divide, perhaps somewhere between the deaths of J. S. Bach and Handel, one that somehow cast this century into two irreconcilable worlds? The seventeenth century was perhaps enough of a mess for its disunity to become a historiographical topic in its own right, its separate threads providing at least some narrative potential, even if these could never convincingly be drawn into a single whole. And the nineteenth century was perhaps sufficiently punctuated with various revolutions and restorations, together with an overriding story of industrial progress, to fall into a coherent (if divisive) family of narratives. Even the twentieth century – that which surely saw the largest number of changes in the human condition and the exponential pluralizing of ‘legitimate’ musical traditions – seems to have a clear enough trajectory, much of the music at its end having a discernible genealogical connection with that of its beginning. So what was it that was worrying me about the eighteenth century?

The incidence of scurvy in sixteenth- and seventeenth- century voyages to the Canadian Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (182) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Robert Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Arctic Exploration ◽  
Early Exploration

ABSTRACTScurvy was a long-recognised problem amongst sailors, the cure and prevention ofwhich is sometimes incorrectly accredited to James Lind in the mid-eighteenth century. However, the therapeutic value of many antiscorbutic foods was discovered long before Lind's treatise on the scurvy was published in 1753, and problems with the deficiency continued well into the twentieth century. Through an examination of early Arctic exploration (1585–1632), the incidence and practical knowledge of this much-feared condition are analyzed. During this half century, knowledge of scurvy was far from complete, as is revealed in the journals of a number of voyages that set out in search of the Northwest Passage. From the careful reading of these journals many questions about the incidence of scurvy in the early exploration of the Canadian Arctic can be addressed.

scholarly journals Literate Ethnohistory in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Giacomo Macola
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Historical Discourses ◽  
And Diffusion

Most precolonial African states were characterized by a manifest disparity of control between center and periphery. This was certainly true of the kingdom of Kazembe, founded as a result of the collapse of the Ruund colony on the Mukulweji River towards the end of the seventeenth century and the subsequent eastward migration of an heterogeneous group of “Lundaized” titleholders. A set of flexible institutions and symbols of power helped the rulers of the emerging kingdom to maintain a degree of influence over much of southern Katanga and the westernmost reaches of the plateau to the east of the Luapula river. But in the lower Luapula valley, the heartland of the polity from about the mid-eighteenth century, eastern Lunda rule impinged more profoundly on the prerogatives of autochthonous communities and hence called for the elaboration of legitimizing devices of a special kind. In this latter context, the production and diffusion of an account of the prestigious beginnings of the Mwata Kazembes dynasty, its early dealings with the original inhabitants of the area, and later evolution served the dual purpose of fostering a dominant and discrete Lunda identity and cementing the links of subordination between foreign conquerors and local lineage or sub-clan leaders. This paper is an extended commentary on Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi, a mid-twentieth century offshoot of this royal tradition and a fine example of vernacular “literate ethnohistory.”Nowadays, Ifikolwe Fyandi is first and foremost the “tribal bible” that shapes the ethnic consciousness of eastern Lunda royals and aristocrats and stifles the emergence of alternative historical discourses. Ifikolwe Fyandi, however, is more than yet another manifestation of the “ubiquity” of “feedback,” for its local hegemony is mirrored by its pervasiveness within the historiography of the eastern savanna of central Africa.

scholarly journals Acerca de las ciudades: la mirada de ayer y de hoy

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Alberto Saldarriaga Roa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
First Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Look ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The City

Resumen: En el título del artículo: “Acerca de las ciudades: la mirada de ayer y hoy” se intenta describir su contenido y el plano de observación de distintos planteamientos acerca de aquello que se ha entendido y juzgado como ciudad desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII hasta el presente. Se asume, como punto de partida, un artículo del historiador austríaco Carl Schorske, en el que se plantea como, desde las últimas décadas del siglo XVII hasta las primeras décadas de siglo XX, se advierten tres modos de mirar las ciudades, bien sea como espacios de virtud, de vicio o de algo “más allá del bien y del mal”. En el texto se afirma que estos tres modos de mirar y juzgar las ciudades han perdurado a todo lo largo del siglo XX y aún en los inicios del siglo XXI. Para ello, se recorren las aproximaciones más significativas a los fenómenos urbanos, en especial a los conceptos de “metrópolis”, “megalópolis” y su secuela, “ecumenópolis” que calificaron las ciudades en razón a su extensión y complejidad. A renglón seguido se da una lectura rápida a los planteamientos del grupo Team X en los que hay crítica a la ciudad funcional y propuestas dirigidas más hacia la experiencia de la ciudad que a unos esquemas abstractos. Se detallan dos propuestas “futuristas”: la del Urbanismo Espacial” de Yona Friedmann y la de la “Arcología” de Paolo Soleri. Y, en una sección aparte, se estudian aproximaciones contemporáneas a las ciudades como espacios de “complejidad, multiculturalidad e información”. Una breve sección propone interrogantes sobre la mirada a la ciudad latinoamericana, a partir de autores como José Luís Romero y Jacques Aprile Gniset. En la bibliografía se da cuenta de los textos consultados. ___Palabras clave: Historia urbana, ciudades, metrópolis, megalópolis, ecumenópolis. ___Abstract: In the title of the article: “About the cities: the look of yesterday and today” is intended to describe its content and the plan of observation of different approaches about what has been understood and judged as a city since the second half of the eighteenth century until the present. As a starting point, an article by the Austrian historian Carl Schorske argues that, from the last decades of the seventeenth century to the first decades of the twentieth century, three ways of looking at cities are seen, either as spaces of virtue, vice or something “beyond good and evil”. The text states that these three ways of looking at and judging cities have lasted throughout the twentieth century and even at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The most significant approaches to urban phenomena, especially the concepts of “metropolis”, “megalopolis” and its sequel, “ecumenopolis”, which cities have been called, are considered because of their extension and complexity. The following section gives a quick reading of the Team X proposals in which there is criticism of the functional city and proposals directed more towards the experience of the city than to abstract schemes. Two “futuristic” proposals are described: “Spatial Urbanism”, by Yona Friedmann and “Arcología”, by Paolo Soleri. In a separate section, contemporary approaches to cities are studied as spaces of “complexity, multiculturality and information”. A brief section proposes questions about the look at the Latin American city, based on authors such as José Luís Romero and Jacques Aprile Gniset. In the bibliography, the texts consulted are reported. ___Keywords: Urban history, cities, metropolis, megalopolis, ecumenopolis. ___Recibido: 13 de julio 2016. Aceptado: 7 de septiembre de 2016.

scholarly journals William Shakespeare and Slovene dramatists (I): A. T. Linhart's Miss Jenny Love

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
Mirko Jurak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
William Shakespeare ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Passion Play ◽  
The World ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
Essay On Man ◽  
The Impact

One of the signs of the universality of William Shakespeare's plays is undoubtedly their influence on plays written by other playwrights throughout the world. This is also true of Slovene playwrights who have been attracted by Shakespeare's plays right from the beginning of their creativity in the second half of the eighteenth century, when Anton Tomaž Linhart (1756-1795) wrote his tragedy Miss Jenny Love.-However,-Slovene knowledge about-Shakespeare and his plays reaches back-into the seventeenth century, to the year 1698, when a group of Jesuit students in Ljubljana performed a version of the story of ''King Lear in Slovene. The Jesuits used Slovene in theatrical performances, which were intended for.the broadest circles of the population. The first complete religious play, written in Slovene, is Škofjeloški pasjon (The Passion Play from Škofja Loka), which was prepared by the Cistercian monk Father Romuald. Since 1721 this play was regularly performed at Škofja Loka for several decades, and at the end of the twentieth century its productions were revived again.In December 2009 two hundred and twenty years will have passed since the first production of Anton Tomaž Linhart's comedy Županova Micka (Molly, the Mayor's Daughter). It was first performed in Ljubljana by the Association of Friends of the Theatre on 28 December 1789, and it was printed in 1790 together with Linhart's second comedy, Ta veseli dan ali Matiček se ženi (This Happy Day, or Matiček Gets Married; which was also published in 1790, but not performed until 1848). These comedies represent the climax of Linhart's dramatic endeavours. Linhart's first published play was Miss Jenny Love (1780), which he wrote in German. In the first chapter of my study 1shall discuss the adaptation of Shakespeare's texts for the theatre, which was not practiced only in Austria and Germany, but since the 1660s also in England. Further on I discuss also Linhart's use of language as the "means of communication". In a brief presentation of Linhart's life and his literary creativity I shall suggest some reasons for his views on life, religion and philosophy. They can be seen in his translation of Alexander Pope's "Essay on Man" as well as his appreciation of Scottish poetry. The influence of German playwrights belonging to the Sturm and Drang movement (e.g. G. T. Lessing, J. F. Schiller, F. M. Klinger) has been frequently discussed by Slovene literary historians, and therefore it is mentioned here only in passing. Slovene critics have often ascribed a very important influence of English playwright George Lillo on Linhart' s tragedy Miss Jenny Love, but its echoes are much less visible than the impact of Shakespeare's great tragedies, particularly in the structure, character presentations and the figurative use of language in Linhart's tragedy. 1shall try to prove this influence in the final part of my study.Because my study is oriented towards British and Slovene readers, 1had to include some facts which may be well-known to one group or to another group of readers. Nevertheless I hope that they will all find in it enough evidence to agree with me that Shakespeare's influence on Linhart's play Miss Jenny Love was rather important.

Indebtedness and redemption

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-94
Author(s):  
Peter Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Hammer Blow

This chapter initiates the series of central studies which address issues related to some four centuries of poetry and money. It considers the metaphorical use of monetary and financial ideas in seventeenth-century secular and sacred poetry with a coda about an eighteenth-century elegy, focusing its discussion upon Christ’s driving the moneychangers from the Temple. Financial metaphors are identified and interpreted in Jonson’s ‘On My First Son’, in various of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, in Donne’s ‘Love’s Usury’, and poems from Herbert’s The Temple. Taking a hint from Donne’s comment on how the last line of a poem ‘mints’ the verse like a hammer blow, it compares and contrasts the forms of ending that these poems achieve. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role played by allusion to Parable of the Talents in ‘On the Death of Dr Robert Levet’.

Conclusion to Part I

Empiricisms ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Barry Allen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Medical Idea

The value of experiments as instruments of inquiry presupposes that experience is a source of knowledge distinct from reasoning, which was the medical idea Democritus and Epicurus drew into natural philosophy. The genius of empiricism is to use perception as an instrument with which to colonize the imperceptible for cognition. The European experiment with empiricism unfolds in two phases, the first spanning the centuries between Alcmaeon and Galen; the second, modernizing phase running from the sixteenth to eighteenth century, when experiments finally consolidated their role as the leading method in natural philosophy. Profiles of empiricism from antiquity to the twentieth century divide along the lines of theorematic and problematic accounts of the relation between experience and knowledge. Part I demonstrated the prominence of a problematic concept of experience in seventeenth century experimentalism. Part II reaches the same conclusion about the radical empiricists of the twentieth century.

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