Differential expression of TGF beta isoforms in murine palatogenesis

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Fitzpatrick ◽  
F. Denhez ◽  
P. Kondaiah ◽  
R.J. Akhurst
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Palatal Shelf ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Medial Edge

We have studied the expression of genes encoding transforming growth factors (TGFs) beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during development of the secondary palate in the mouse from 11.5 to 15.5 days postcoitum using in situ hybridisation. The RNA detected at the earliest developmental stage is TGF beta 3, which is localised in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf. This expression continues in the horizontal palatal shelf, predominantly in the medial edge epithelium, and is lost as the epithelial seam disrupts, soon after palatal shelf fusion. TGF beta 1 RNA is expressed with the same epithelial pattern as TGF beta 3, but is not detectable until the horizontal palatal shelf stage. TGF beta 2 RNA is localised to the palatal mesenchyme underlying the medial edge epithelia in the horizontal shelves and in the early postfusion palate. The temporal and spatial distribution of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 RNAs in the developing palate, together with a knowledge of in vitro TGF beta biological activities, suggests an important role for TGF beta isoforms in this developmental process.

Embryonic gene expression patterns of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 suggest different developmental functions in vivo

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Millan ◽  
F. Denhez ◽  
P. Kondaiah ◽  
R.J. Akhurst
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Valve Formation

We have compared the expression of the genes encoding transforming growth factors beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during mouse embryogenesis from 9.5 to 16.5 days p.c. using in situ hybridisation to cellular RNAs. Each gene has a different expression pattern, which gives some indication of possible biological function in vivo. All three genes appear to be involved in chondroossification, though each is expressed in a different cell type. Transcripts of each gene are also present in embryonic epithelia. Epithelial expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 RNA is associated with regions of active morphogenesis involving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In addition, widespread epithelial expression of TGF beta 2 RNA can be correlated with epithelial differentiation per se. The localisation of TGF beta 2 RNA in neuronal tissue might also be correlated with differentiation. Finally both TGF beta 1 and beta 2 transcripts are seen in regions actively undergoing cardiac septation and valve formation, suggesting some interaction of these growth factors in this developmental process.

scholarly journals Observation of Dynamic Cellular Migration of the Medial Edge Epithelium of the Palatal Shelf in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gozo Aoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Kurosaka ◽  
Ayaka Oka ◽  
Kohei Nakatsugawa ◽  
Sayuri Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Palatal Shelf ◽  
Medial Edge

Norepinephrine and ANG II stimulate secretion of TGF-beta by neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. C910-C917 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Fisher ◽  
M. Absher
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Hypertrophic Growth ◽  
Beta 2

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a ubiquitous growth-regulating protein that is capable of influencing the growth and function of heart cells in vitro. To better understand the role TGF-beta might play as a paracrine mediator of cardiac hypertrophy, the expression, secretion, and growth effects of TGF-beta were examined. Neonatal cardiac fibroblasts in vitro secreted latent TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 as high as 15 ng/10(6) cells. Angiotensin II (ANG II) and norepinephrine (NE) each augmented up to threefold the expression and secretion of latent TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 and also induced a shift in isoform predominance from beta 1 to beta 2. Each agent individually produced hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiocytes and hyperplastic growth of cardiac fibroblasts. Paradoxically, the combination of NE and ANG II at intermediate and high concentrations resulted in less TGF-beta secretion (compared with either agent alone) and in hypertrophic growth of fibroblasts. These results suggest that the growth-promoting effects of ANG II and NE may in part be mediated via a paracrine stimulation of TGF-beta secretion.

scholarly journals Biological activities of recombinant equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (eLH/CG) expressed in Sf9 and Mimic insect cell lines

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Legardinier ◽  
Martine Duonor-Cérutti ◽  
Gérard Devauchelle ◽  
Yves Combarnous ◽  
Claire Cahoreau
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Sf9 Cells ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Insect Cell Lines ◽  
Carbohydrate Chains

Equine luteinizing hormone (eLH) and chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) are composed of identical α and β polypeptide chains, but eCG subunits are much more heavily glycosylated and sialylated. Consequently, eCG exhibits a much longer half-life than eLH in blood. Recombinant eLH/CG, expressed in Sf9 and Mimic insect cells, were compared with one another and to the natural hormones eCG and eLH. Mimic cells are stably-transformed Sf9 cells, expressing five mammalian genes encoding glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of complex N-carbohydrate chains. Recombinant eLH/CG expressed in Mimic cells exhibited a higher apparent molecular weight (MW) than that expressed in Sf9 cells, suggesting that its N-glycosylation was, as expected, more complete. Nevertheless, the two recombinant eLH/CG exhibited lower MW than natural eCG from pregnant mare plasma. The two eLH/CG produced in Sf9 and Mimic cells were found to be active in in vitro LH and FSH bioassays, with potencies similar to those of eCG. By contrast, they exhibited no significant in vivo bioactivity, neither in the specific follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assay nor in the specific eCG assay. Although recombinant eLH/CG produced in Mimic cells bears more elaborate carbohydrate chains than recombinant eLH/CG from Sf9 cells, it exhibits no significant in vivo bioactivity, probably because of insufficient terminal sialylation of its carbohydrate chains, leading to its rapid removal from blood.

Differential expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 genes during mouse embryogenesis

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmid ◽  
D. Cox ◽  
G. Bilbe ◽  
R. Maier ◽  
G.K. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Liver ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Beta 2

We have examined by Northern analysis and in situ hybridisation the expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during mouse embryogenesis. TGF beta 1 is expressed predominantly in the mesodermal components of the embryo e.g. the hematopoietic cells of both fetal liver and the hemopoietic islands of the yolk sac, the mesenchymal tissues of several internal organs and in ossifying bone tissues. The strongest TGF beta 2 signals were found in early facial mesenchyme and in some endodermal and ectodermal epithelial cell layers e.g., lung and cochlea epithelia. TGF beta 3 was strongest in prevertebral tissue, in some mesothelia and in lung epithelia. All three isoforms were expressed in bone tissues but showed distinct patterns of expression both spatially and temporally. In the root sheath of the whisker follicle, TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 were expressed simultaneously. We discuss the implication of these results in regard to known regulatory elements of the TGF beta genes and their receptors.

scholarly journals Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates collagen VII expression by cutaneous cells in vitro.

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A König ◽  
L Bruckner-Tuderman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Collagen Vii

Collagen VII, the major component of cutaneous anchoring fibrils is expressed at a low level by normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. In cocultures of these two cell types, signals from fibroblasts enhance expression of collagen VII by keratinocytes and vice versa. In this study, the effects of a possible mediator of such a stimulation, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), were investigated. Its effect on the expression and deposition of the highly insoluble collagen VII was assessed in a semiquantitative manner by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunoassay which is based on immunoblotting. In keratinocyte monocultures, 0.5-20 ng/ml of TGF-beta 2 induced a dose-dependent stimulation of collagen VII expression as measured per microgram of DNA. The maximal enhancement was about sevenfold compared to controls. The effect of TGF-beta 2 was observed already after 12 h, with a steady increase at least up to 3 d. As previous studies have implicated, untreated cocultures of keratinocytes and fibroblasts exhibited a higher basic level of collagen VII expression, which could be further stimulated about twofold by TGF-beta 2. Fibroblasts alone synthesized very minor quantities of collagen VII and could be only weakly stimulated by TGF-beta 2. This growth factor seems a specific enhancer of collagen VII since the expression of laminin, collagen IV, as well as total protein was increased to a much lesser extent. Our data suggest that TGF-beta may be an important mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and may regulate the synthesis of the anchoring fibrils at the skin basement membrane zone.

The effects of chlorcyclizine-induced alterations of glycosaminoglycans on mouse palatal shelfelevation in vivo and in vitro

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Linda L. Brinkley ◽  
Mary M. Vickerman
Keyword(s):  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Palatal Shelf ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Sectional Surface

To define whether glycosaminoglycans play a role in palatal shelf movement, we studied the morphology and elevation behaviour of chlorcyclizine-treated mouse palatal shelves. Chlorcyclizine treatment was used because this agent enhances degradation of the palatal glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronate and chondroitin sulphates, with little or no effect on their synthesis. Use of in vitro and in vivo experiments enabled us to control the complicating effects of other factors on elevation. Drug-administration resulted in a reduction in shelf size, as measured by cross-sectional surface area, inthe posterior two-thirds of the palatal shelf. In vivo shelf reorientation was also inhibited. When elevation behaviour was observed in vitro, pronounced regional variation was noted. The anterior third of the shelf was able to reorient, the posterior two-thirds was not. This region also showed distinct histological changes as compared to controls. Mesenchymal cells were rounded with prominent nuclei and nucleoli and were more densely packed than in controls. These results suggest that for at least the posterior two-thirds of the palatal shelf, the intrinsic reorientation ability may in large part be linked to the acquisition of a specific temporal and spatial distribution of hyaluronate and possibly other matrix components.

scholarly journals Interleukin 10 up-regulates elastin gene expression in vivo and in vitro at the transcriptional level

1994 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Reitamo ◽  
A Remitz ◽  
K Tamai ◽  
I Ledo ◽  
J Uitto
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Elastin Gene

In immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes, interleukin 10 (IL-10) has regulatory functions on a number of cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression. However, the effects of IL-10 have not previously been studied in detail in connective-tissue cells. In the present study, we show that recombinant human IL-10 at physiological concentrations has direct effects on the expression of the human elastin gene both in vivo and in vitro. Transgenic mice expressing a human elastin promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene construct were injected subcutaneously with IL-10 (1-100 ng) and the site of injection was biopsied after 24 h. CAT assay revealed an increase of up to 3.5-fold in the promoter activity with 10 ng of IL-10. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) is known to up-regulate elastin gene expression in cultured fibroblasts. When IL-10 was added to such cultures, the effects of TGF-beta 2 on elastin mRNA levels were synergistically potentiated. These results suggest that IL-10 has an up-regulatory effect on elastin gene expression.

Roles of growth factors in the development of bovine embryos fertilized in vitro and cultured singly in a defined medium

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Lim ◽  
W Hansel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Beta 2

Bovine embryos at the 8- or 16-cell stage were cultured singly, or in groups (10-12 embryos), in the presence or absence of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC) in a defined medium which was used as a basic culture medium. A higher (P < 0.05) proportion of 8-cell embryos (48.3-50.8%) cultured singly developed beyond the 8-cell stage after the addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB (1 ng mL-1) only, or with PDGF-AB + basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 1 ng ml-1) + transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 beta 2 (1 ng mL-1) than in basic medium alone (30.3%). In contrast, a significantly (P < 0.02) higher percentage (62.6-65.8%) of 16-cell embryos developed to the morula stage after the addition of TGF-beta 1 beta 2 only, or the addition of TGF-beta 1 beta 2 + bFGF + PDGF-AB than in basic medium alone (30.2%). These proportions were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the proportions obtained when embryos were cultured in groups, but were significantly (P < 0.005) lower than the proportions obtained when embryos were cultured in groups on BOEC monolayers. Arachidonic acid (50 ng mL-1), beta-mercaptoethanol (10 microM) and glutathione (10-1000 microM) stimulated the development of 8-cell embryos in the presence of PDGF and TGF-beta 1 beta 2; blastocyst formation was observed for the first time in 8-cell embryos cultured singly in the presence of these embryotrophic substances (2.2-6.2%).

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