Hox-7 expression during murine craniofacial development

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MacKenzie ◽  
M.W. Ferguson ◽  
P.T. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Dorsal Midline

We have used in situ hybridisation to establish the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the mouse homeobox-containing gene; Hox-7, in the developing embryonic cranium and nervous system of the mouse between embryonic days 9.5 (E9.5) and E15.5. Hox-7 has previously been associated with areas of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction and cell migration especially in neural crest ectomesenchymal cells. Aside from the expression patterns seen in the facial anlage at E9.5, Hox-7 transcripts were also detected in the neuroepithelium including cells of the dorsal midline of the neural tube. This expression pattern persisted throughout the embryonic time span studied. At E11.5, expression of Hox-7 became obvious in the neuroepithelium of the forming tela choroida and the telencephelii in areas destined to form the choroid plexus before any atrophy of the neuroepithelium took place. High expression of Hox-7 was also present in the mesenchyme cells invading the pouch formed by the involuting choroid plexus neuroepithelium. A second major site where Hox-7 was expressed was the anlage of the anterior pituitary; the Rathke's pouch. Expression became obvious at E10.5 throughout the pouch but by E12.5 became more regionalised in areas of the pouch destined to form the pars distalis. Hox-7 was also expressed in the forming meninges and skull bone precursors from E10.5 onwards. Expression of the Hox-7 gene is also seen in the external ear, the forming eye, the nasal pits and forming Jacobson's organs. When these expression patterns are considered together with characterised human and mouse retinoic acid embryopathies and the congenital malformations seen in human children associated with deletion of chromosome 4p16.1 (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome), Hox-7 may be a good candidate as one of the genes involved in the initiation of the choroid plexus phenotype and its subsequent formation, the formation of the outer ear, formation of the dentition and the differentiation of the cell types of the anterior pituitary. The expression pattern of Hox-7 in the dorsal midline of the neural tube further suggests that it may also be involved in the specification of the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing nervous system.

scholarly journals Order and coherence in the fate map of the zebrafish nervous system

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (8) ◽  
pp. 2595-2609 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Woo ◽  
S.E. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes

The zebrafish is an excellent vertebrate model for the study of the cellular interactions underlying the patterning and the morphogenesis of the nervous system. Here, we report regional fate maps of the zebrafish anterior nervous system at two key stages of neural development: the beginning (6 hours) and the end (10 hours) of gastrulation. Early in gastrulation, we find that the presumptive neurectoderm displays a predictable organization that reflects the future anteroposterior and dorsoventral order of the central nervous system. The precursors of the major brain subdivisions (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, neural retina) occupy discernible, though overlapping, domains within the dorsal blastoderm at 6 hours. As gastrulation proceeds, these domains are rearranged such that the basic order of the neural tube is evident at 10 hours. Furthermore, the anteroposterior and dorsoventral order of the progenitors is refined and becomes aligned with the primary axes of the embryo. Time-lapse video microscopy shows that the rearrangement of blastoderm cells during gastrulation is highly ordered. Cells near the dorsal midline at 6 hours, primarily forebrain progenitors, display anterior-directed migration. Cells more laterally positioned, corresponding to midbrain and hindbrain progenitors, converge at the midline prior to anteriorward migration. These results demonstrate a predictable order in the presumptive neurectoderm, suggesting that patterning interactions may be well underway by early gastrulation. The fate maps provide the basis for further analyses of the specification, induction and patterning of the anterior nervous system, as well as for the interpretation of mutant phenotypes and gene-expression patterns.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Profiling of Identified Neurons in Leech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Heath-Heckman ◽  
Shinja Yoo ◽  
Christopher Winchell ◽  
Maurizio Pellegrino ◽  
James Angstadt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Identified Neurons ◽  
Hcn Channels

ABSTRACTWhile leeches in the genus Hirudo have long been models for neurobiology, the molecular underpinnings of nervous system structure and function in this group remain largely unknown. To begin to bridge this gap, we performed RNASeq on pools of identified neurons of the central nervous system (CNS): sensory T (touch), P (pressure) and N (nociception) neurons; neurosecretory Retzius cells; and ganglia from which these four cell types had been removed. Bioinformatic analyses identified 2,812 putative genes whose expression differed significantly among the samples. These genes clustered into 7 groups which could be associated with one or more of the identified cell types. We verified predicted expression patterns through in situ hybridization on whole CNS ganglia, and found that orthologous genes were for the most part similarly expressed in a divergent leech genus, suggesting evolutionarily conserved roles for these genes. Transcriptional profiling allowed us to identify candidate phenotype-defining genes from expanded gene families. Thus, we identified one of eight hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as a candidate for mediating the prominent sag current in P neurons, and found that one of five inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), representing a sub-family of IP3Rs absent from vertebrate genomes, is expressed with high specificity in T cells. We also identified one of two piezo genes, two of ~65 deg/enac genes, and one of at least 16 transient receptor potential (trp) genes as prime candidates for involvement in sensory transduction in the three distinct classes of leech mechanosensory neurons.

scholarly journals Genetic reagents for making split-GAL4 lines in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Dionne ◽  
Karen L. Hibbard ◽  
Amanda Cavallaro ◽  
Jui-Chun Kao ◽  
Gerald M. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Single Segment ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Transgenic Lines

AbstractThe ability to reproducibly target expression of transgenes to small, defined subsets of cells is a key experimental tool for understanding many biological processes. The Drosophila nervous system contains thousands of distinct cell types and it has generally not been possible to limit expression to one or a few cell types when using a single segment of genomic DNA as an enhancer to drive expression. Intersectional methods, in which expression of the transgene only occurs where two different enhancers overlap in their expression patterns, can be used to achieve the desired specificity. This report describes a set of over 2,800 transgenic lines for use with the split-GAL4 intersectional method.

scholarly journals Astrocyte-like glia-specific gene deathstar is crucial for normal development, adult locomotion and lifespan of male Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Najafi ◽  
Kyle Wong ◽  
Woo Jae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Bioinformatical Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

ABSTRACTDrosophila melanogaster is a proper model organism for studying the development and function of the nervous system. The Drosophila nervous system consists of distinct cell types with significant homologies to various cell types of more advanced organisms, including human. Among all cell types of the nervous system, astrocyte-like glia (ALG) have conserved functions to mammals and are essential for normal physiology and behaviours of the fly.In this study, we exploited the gene expression profile of single cells in Drosophila optic lobe to identify the genes with specific expression pattern in each cell type. Through a bioinformatical analysis of the data, a novel ALG-specific gene (here assigned as deathstar) was identified. Immunostaining of deathstar in the central nervous system (CNS) showed its presence in specific regions of Drosophila ventral nerve cord, which previously has been characterized as ALG cells. Consistent with the bioinformatical analysis, deathstar-related signals were overlapped with the signals of the previously-reported ALG marker, Eaat1, supporting its specific expression in ALG cells.At the physiological level, RNAi-mediated suppression of deathstar gene impeded the normal development of male flies without any effects on females. Cell type-specific expression of deathstar RNAi showed that deathstar gene affects locomotion behaviour and lifespan of D. melanogaster, in an ALG-specific manner.Taken together, we showed that bioinformatical analysis of a previously reported expression data of Drosophila optic lobe successfully predicted the ALG-specific expression pattern of deathstar gene. Moreover, it was consistent with the ALG-specific effects of this gene on locomotion and lifespan of D. melanogaster, in vivo.

scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling of identified neurons in leech

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Heath-Heckman ◽  
Shinja Yoo ◽  
Christopher Winchell ◽  
Maurizio Pellegrino ◽  
James Angstadt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Identified Neurons ◽  
Hcn Channels

Abstract Background While leeches in the genus Hirudo have long been models for neurobiology, the molecular underpinnings of nervous system structure and function in this group remain largely unknown. To begin to bridge this gap, we performed RNASeq on pools of identified neurons of the central nervous system (CNS): sensory T (touch), P (pressure) and N (nociception) neurons; neurosecretory Retzius cells; and ganglia from which these four cell types had been removed. Results Bioinformatic analyses identified 3565 putative genes whose expression differed significantly among the samples. These genes clustered into 9 groups which could be associated with one or more of the identified cell types. We verified predicted expression patterns through in situ hybridization on whole CNS ganglia, and found that orthologous genes were for the most part similarly expressed in a divergent leech genus, suggesting evolutionarily conserved roles for these genes. Transcriptional profiling allowed us to identify candidate phenotype-defining genes from expanded gene families. Thus, we identified one of eight hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as a candidate for mediating the prominent sag current in P neurons, and found that one of five inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), representing a sub-family of IP3Rs absent from vertebrate genomes, is expressed with high specificity in T cells. We also identified one of two piezo genes, two of ~ 65 deg/enac genes, and one of at least 16 transient receptor potential (trp) genes as prime candidates for involvement in sensory transduction in the three distinct classes of leech mechanosensory neurons. Conclusions Our study defines distinct transcriptional profiles for four different neuronal types within the leech CNS, in addition to providing a second ganglionic transcriptome for the species. From these data we identified five gene families that may facilitate the sensory capabilities of these neurons, thus laying the basis for future work leveraging the strengths of the leech system to investigate the molecular processes underlying and linking mechanosensation, cell type specification, and behavior.

scholarly journals Notch signaling is a critical initiator of roof plate formation as revealed by the use of RNA profiling of the dorsal neural tube

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Ofek ◽  
Sophie Wiszniak ◽  
Sarah Kagan ◽  
Markus Tondl ◽  
Quenten Schwarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Dorsal Neural Tube ◽  
Roof Plate ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractBackgroundThe dorsal domain of the neural tube is an excellent model to investigate the generation of complexity during embryonic development. It is a highly dynamic and multifaceted region being first transiently populated by prospective neural crest (NC) cells that sequentially emigrate to generate most of the peripheral nervous system. Subsequently, it becomes the definitive roof plate (RP) of the central nervous system. The RP, in turn, constitutes a patterning center for dorsal interneuron development. The factors underlying establishment of the definitive RP and its segregation from NC and dorsal interneurons are currently unknown.ResultsWe performed a transcriptome analysis at trunk levels of quail embryos comparing the dorsal neural tube at premigratory NC and RP stages. This unraveled molecular heterogeneity between NC and RP stages, and within the RP itself. By implementing these genes, we asked whether Notch signaling is involved in RP development. First, we observed that Notch is active at the RP-interneuron interface. Furthermore, gain and loss of Notch function in quail and mouse embryos, respectively, revealed no effect on early NC behavior. Constitutive Notch activation caused a local downregulation of RP markers with a concomitant development of dI1 interneurons, as well as an ectopic upregulation of RP markers in the interneuron domain. Reciprocally, in mice lacking Notch activity, both the RP and dI1 interneurons failed to form and this was associated with expansion of the dI2 population.ConclusionsCollectively, our results offer a new resource for defining specific cell types, and provide evidence that Notch is required to establish the definitive RP, and to determine the choice between RP and interneuron fates, but not the segregation of RP from NC.

scholarly journals 243.Nuclear transport of Gli transcription factors during spermatogenesis

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
A. Szczepny ◽  
D. A. Jans ◽  
K. L. Loveland ◽  
M. Dias
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
African Green Monkey Kidney

Development is highly regulated by complex signalling cascades. One such pathway is the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway which plays an essential role in spermatogenesis. The Gli family of zinc finger TFs, consisting of Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3, are mediators of the Hh signalling cascade. Gli1 is an activator of Hh target genes, whereas Gli2 and Gli3 can undergo proteolytic cleavage and function as both activators and repressors. Little is known regarding the nuclear import pathway of these TFs. In this study, the mRNA expression pattern of all Gli family members in the developing mouse testis was compiled by in situ hybridisation and shown to have unique expression patterns. In the adult mouse testis, Gli1 mRNA was detected in spermatogonia through to round spermatids whereas Gli2 was only found in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Very low levels of Gli3 mRNA were detected in all ages and cell types. Since little is known regarding the import pathway for Gli1, expression vectors containing different fragments of the N-terminus of Gli1 were created and used to perform transfection experiments and generate vectors for bacterial GFP-fusion protein expression. Transfection experiments into African green monkey kidney Cos-7 cells, and the murine spermatogenic cell lines, Gc-1 and Gc-2 using 3 different constructs localised the NLS(s) required to target Gli1 to the nucleus in the zinc finger DNA-binding domain of Gli1. Preliminary results for in vitro binding of bacterially expressed Gli1 indicated no binding by importin β 1 or β3 but a weak interaction with the importin α/β heterodimer. This can be seen as the first step towards defining the nuclear import pathway for Gli1. The mechanisms by which Gli activity is modulated remain unanswered and the regulation of its nuclear entry may be an important means of doing so.

VvMADS9, a class B MADS-box gene involved in grapevine flowering, shows different expression patterns in mutants with abnormal petal and stamen structures

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lekha Sreekantan ◽  
Laurent Torregrosa ◽  
Lucie Fernandez ◽  
Mark R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Class B ◽  
Mads Box Gene

VvMADS9, a MADS-box gene, from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon has been isolated and its expression pattern studied in wild type Cabernet Sauvignon, Mourvèdre, and Bouchalès cultivars and mutants of the latter two genotypes showing abnormal petal / stamen structures. Sequence analysis showed that VvMADS9 was highly similar to PISTILLATA (PI), the class B gene that specifies the identity of petals and stamens in Arabidopsis. The temporal expression pattern of VvMADS9 studied through real-time PCR revealed that its expression was specific to flower development. The low levels of expression in the Mourvèdre mutant and the skewed expression pattern in the Bouchalès mutant as compared to their wild type counterparts suggested that VvMADS9 is involved in normal formation of petals and stamens. Through in situ hybridisation, expression of VvMADS9 was detected in stamens and weak expression on the basal regions of the petals. This suggested a possible role for VvMADS9 in specifying stamen and petal organ identity in grapevine similar to Class B genes in other species. All evidence thus pointed to the conclusion that VvMADS9 is an orthologue of PISTILLATA in grapevine.

scholarly journals The VT GAL4, LexA, and split-GAL4 driver line collections for targeted expression in the Drosophila nervous system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Tirian ◽  
Barry J. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Gal4 Driver ◽  
Targeted Expression ◽  
Driver Line

AbstractIn studying the cellular interactions within complex tissues, it is extremely valuable to be able to reproducibly and flexibly target transgene expression to restricted subsets of cells. This approach is particularly valuable in studying the nervous system, with its bewildering diversity of neuronal cell types. We report here the generation of over 18,000 driver lines (the VT collection) that exploit the GAL4, LexA, and split-GAL4 systems to express transgenes in distinct and highly specific cell types in Drosophila. We document the expression patterns of over 14,000 of these lines in the adult male brain.

scholarly journals Astrocyte-like glia-specific gene deathstar is crucial for normal development, adult locomotion and lifespan of male Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Najafi ◽  
Kyle Wong ◽  
Woo Jae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Bioinformatical Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

Abstract Background Drosophila melanogaster is a proper model organism for studying the development and function of the nervous system. The Drosophila nervous system consists of distinct cell types with significant homologies to various cell types of more advanced organisms, including human. Among all cell types of the nervous system, astrocyte-like glia (ALG) have conserved functions to mammals and are essential for normal physiology and behaviours of the fly. Results In this study, we exploited the gene expression profile of single cells in Drosophila optic lobe to identify the genes with specific expression pattern in each cell type. Through a bioinformatical analysis of the data, a novel ALG-specific gene (here assigned as deathstar ) was identified. Immunostaining of deathstar in the central nervous system (CNS) showed its presence in specific regions of Drosophila ventral nerve cord, which previously has been characterized as ALG cells. Consistent with the bioinformatical analysis, deathstar -related signals were overlapped with the signals of the previously-reported ALG marker, Eaat1 , supporting its specific expression in ALG cells. At the physiological level, RNAi-mediated suppression of deathstar gene impeded the normal development of male flies without any effects on females. Cell type-specific expression of deathstar RNAi showed that deathstar gene affects locomotion behaviour and lifespan of D. melanogaster , in an ALG-specific manner. Conclusions Taken together, we showed that bioinformatical analysis of a previously reported expression data of Drosophila optic lobe successfully predicted the ALG-specific expression pattern of deathstar gene. Moreover, it was consistent with the ALG-specific effects of this gene on locomotion and lifespan of D. melanogaster, in vivo .

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