Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple cell types and siblings are widely dispersed

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Golden ◽  
C.L. Cepko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Development Proceeds ◽  
Developing Nervous System ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus of the vertebrate central nervous system are derived from the embryonic diencephalon. These regions of the nervous system function as major relays between the telencephalon and more caudal regions of the brain. Early in development, the diencephalon morphologically comprises distinct units known as neuromeres or prosomeres. As development proceeds, multiple nuclei, the functional and anatomical units of the diencephalon, derive from the neuromeres. It was of interest to determine whether progenitors in the diencephalon give rise to daughters that cross nuclear or neuromeric boundaries. To this end, a highly complex retroviral library was used to infect diencephalic progenitors. Retrovirally marked clones were found to contain neurons, glia and occasionally radial glia. The majority of clones dispersed in all directions, resulting in sibling cells populating multiple nuclei within the diencephalon. In addition, several distinctive patterns of dispersion were observed. These included clones with siblings distributed bilaterally across the third ventricle, clones that originated in the lateral ventricle, clones that crossed neuromeric boundaries, and clones that crossed major boundaries of the developing nervous system, such as the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These findings demonstrate that progenitor cells in the diencephalon are multipotent and that their daughters can become widely dispersed.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in adult and developing mouse tissues.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Zimmer ◽  
M A Magnuson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques ◽  
Developing Nervous System

We used immunohistochemical techniques to analyze the cell distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in adult and developing mouse tissues. PEPCK immunoreactivity was detected in many tissues, including some that had not been previously reported to contain PEPCK enzyme activity (bladder, stomach, ovary, vagina, parotid gland, submaxillary gland, and eye). In some multicellular tissues, PEPCK immunoreactivity was observed in multiple cell types. Several tissues (spleen, thyroid, and submaxillary gland) contained no detectable PEPCK immunoreactivity. During development, PEPCK immunoreactivity was associated with the developing nervous system and somites in 15-day embryos. At prenatal day 18, PEPCK immunoreactivity was detected only in the nervous system. At prenatal day 20, PEPCK immunoreactivity was observed in many of the tissues that contain PEPCK in the adult, with the exception of liver, lung, and stomach. PEPCK immunoreactivity was detected in liver at postnatal day 1, lung at postnatal day 7, and stomach after postnatal day 21. The only tissue in which PEPCK immunoreactivity decreased during development was the pancreas, where PEPCK immunoreactivity was detected at prenatal day 20 and was present until postnatal day 21. These results suggest that PEPCK expression is cell-type specific, more widespread than previously thought, and differentially expressed during development.

scholarly journals Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria N. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Local Signaling ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.

scholarly journals Location Matters: Navigating Regional Heterogeneity of the Neurovascular Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Bernier ◽  
Clément Brunner ◽  
Azzurra Cottarelli ◽  
Matilde Balbi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
The Brain

The neurovascular unit (NVU) of the brain is composed of multiple cell types that act synergistically to modify blood flow to locally match the energy demand of neural activity, as well as to maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is becoming increasingly recognized that the functional specialization, as well as the cellular composition of the NVU varies spatially. This heterogeneity is encountered as variations in vascular and perivascular cells along the arteriole-capillary-venule axis, as well as through differences in NVU composition throughout anatomical regions of the brain. Given the wide variations in metabolic demands between brain regions, especially those of gray vs. white matter, the spatial heterogeneity of the NVU is critical to brain function. Here we review recent evidence demonstrating regional specialization of the NVU between brain regions, by focusing on the heterogeneity of its individual cellular components and briefly discussing novel approaches to investigate NVU diversity.

scholarly journals Beyond the GFAP-Astrocyte Protein Markers in the Brain

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1361
Author(s):  
Agnieszka M. Jurga ◽  
Martyna Paleczna ◽  
Justyna Kadluczka ◽  
Katarzyna Z. Kuter
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
The Brain

The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication between those various cell types is essential to maintain functional efficiency and a quick response to danger. Here, we summarize and discuss known and new markers of astroglial multiple functions, their natural heterogeneity, cellular interactions, aging and disease-induced dysfunctions. This review is focused on newly reported facts regarding astrocytes, which are beyond the old stereotypes. We present an up-to-date list of marker proteins used to identify a broad spectrum of astroglial phenotypes related to the various physiological and pathological nervous system conditions. The aim of this review is to help choose markers that are well-tailored for specific needs of further experimental studies, precisely recognizing differential glial phenotypes, or for diagnostic purposes. We hope it will help to categorize the functional and structural diversity of the astroglial population and ease a clear readout of future experimental results.

scholarly journals Localization during development of alternatively spliced forms of cytotactin mRNA by in situ hybridization.

1990 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 685-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Prieto ◽  
F S Jones ◽  
B A Cunningham ◽  
K L Crossin ◽  
G M Edelman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
The Brain

Cytotactin, an extracellular glycoprotein found in neural and nonneural tissues, influences a variety of cellular phenomena, particularly cell adhesion and cell migration. Northern and Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization were used to determine localization of alternatively spliced forms of cytotactin in neural and nonneural tissues using a probe (CT) that detected all forms of cytotactin mRNA, and one (VbVc) that detected two of the differentially spliced repeats homologous to the type III repeats of fibronectin. In the brain, the levels of mRNA and protein increased from E8 through E15 and then gradually decreased until they were barely detectable by P3. Among the three cytotactin mRNAs (7.2, 6.6, and 6.4 kb) detected in the brain, the VbVc probe hybridized only to the 7.2-kb message. In isolated cerebella, the 220-kD polypeptide and 7.2-kb mRNA were the only cytotactin species present at hatching, indicating that the 220-kD polypeptide is encoded by the 7.2-kb message that contains the VbVc alternatively spliced insert. In situ hybridization showed cytotactin mRNA in glia and glial precursors in the ventricular zone throughout the central nervous system. In all regions of the nervous system, cytotactin mRNAs were more transient and more localized than the polypeptides. For example, in the radial glia, cytotactin mRNA was observed in the soma whereas the protein was present externally along the glial fibers. In the telencephalon, cytotactin mRNAs were found in a narrow band at the edge of a larger region in which the protein was wide-spread. Hybridization with the VbVc probe generally overlapped that of the CT probe in the spinal cord and cerebellum, consistent with the results of Northern blot analysis. In contrast, in the outermost tectal layers, differential hybridization was observed with the two probes. In nonneural tissues, hybridization with the CT probe, but not the VbVc probe, was detected in chondroblasts, tendinous tissues, and certain mesenchymal cells in the lung. In contrast, hybridization with both probes was observed in smooth muscle and lung epithelium. Both epithelium and mesenchyme expressed cytotactin mRNA in varying combinations: in the choroid plexus, only epithelial cells expressed cytotactin mRNA; in kidney, only mesenchymal cells; and in the lung, both of these cell types contained cytotactin mRNA. These spatiotemporal changes during development suggest that the synthesis of the various alternatively spliced cytotactin mRNAs is responsive to tissue-specific local signals and prompt a search for functional differences in the various molecular forms of the protein.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Penner ◽  
Alice Ida Bernheim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The introduction of Shiga toxin into the ventricular system of the brain with major location in the third ventricle resulted in a response similar to that following the administration of the toxin either intravenously or by cross-circulation. The intravenous administration at the dosage level employed would have elicited no response. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that Shiga toxin activates some mechanisms in the central nervous system which are capable of producing visceral lesions. These mechanisms are those which control the vasomotor components of homeostasis. This hypothesis permits an explanation of the proximo-distal and intramural features of the lesion.

scholarly journals Single circuit in V1 capable of switching contexts during movement using VIP population as a switch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Voina ◽  
Stefano Recanatesi ◽  
Brian Hu ◽  
Eric Shea-Brown ◽  
Stefan Mihalas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Flexible Architecture ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Context Integration ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAs animals adapt to their environments, their brains are tasked with processing stimuli in different sensory contexts. Whether these computations are context dependent or independent, they are all implemented in the same neural tissue. A crucial question is what neural architectures can respond flexibly to a range of stimulus conditions and switch between them. This is a particular case of flexible architecture that permits multiple related computations within a single circuit.Here, we address this question in the specific case of the visual system circuitry, focusing on context integration, defined as the integration of feedforward and surround information across visual space. We show that a biologically inspired microcircuit with multiple inhibitory cell types can switch between visual processing of the static context and the moving context. In our model, the VIP population acts as the switch and modulates the visual circuit through a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, the VIP population is efficient, requiring only a relatively small number of neurons to switch contexts. This circuit eliminates noise in videos by using appropriate lateral connections for contextual spatio-temporal surround modulation, having superior denoising performance compared to circuits where only one context is learned. Our findings shed light on a minimally complex architecture that is capable of switching between two naturalistic contexts using few switching units.Author SummaryThe brain processes information at all times and much of that information is context-dependent. The visual system presents an important example: processing is ongoing, but the context changes dramatically when an animal is still vs. running. How is context-dependent information processing achieved? We take inspiration from recent neurophysiology studies on the role of distinct cell types in primary visual cortex (V1).We find that relatively few “switching units” — akin to the VIP neuron type in V1 in that they turn on and off in the running vs. still context and have connections to and from the main population — is sufficient to drive context dependent image processing. We demonstrate this in a model of feature integration, and in a test of image denoising. The underlying circuit architecture illustrates a concrete computational role for the multiple cell types under increasing study across the brain, and may inspire more flexible neurally inspired computing architectures.

scholarly journals Revealing RCOR2 as a regulatory component of nuclear speckles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rivera ◽  
Daniel Verbel ◽  
Duxan Arancibia ◽  
Anna Lappala ◽  
Marcela González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Nuclear Bodies ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
Nuclear Speckle ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Rna Maturation ◽  
Nuclear Processes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Nuclear processes such as transcription and RNA maturation can be impacted by subnuclear compartmentalization in condensates and nuclear bodies. Here we characterize the nature of nuclear granules formed by REST corepressor 2 (RCOR2), a nuclear protein essential for pluripotency maintenance and central nervous system development. Results Using biochemical approaches and high-resolution microscopy, we reveal that RCOR2 is localized in nuclear speckles across multiple cell types, including neurons in the brain. RCOR2 forms complexes with nuclear speckle components such as SON, SRSF7, and SRRM2. When cells are exposed to chemical stress, RCOR2 behaves as a core component of the nuclear speckle and is stabilized by RNA. In turn, nuclear speckle morphology appears to depend on RCOR2. Specifically, RCOR2 knockdown results larger nuclear speckles, whereas overexpressing RCOR2 leads to smaller and rounder nuclear speckles. Conclusion Our study suggests that RCOR2 is a regulatory component of the nuclear speckle bodies, setting this co-repressor protein as a factor that controls nuclear speckles behavior.

scholarly journals Drosophila mef2 is essential for normal mushroom body and wing development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill R. Crittenden ◽  
Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis ◽  
Elliott. S. Goldstein ◽  
Ronald L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Enhancer Factor

ABSTRACTMEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) transcription factors are found in the brain and muscle of insects and vertebrates and are essential for the differentiation of multiple cell types. We show that in the fruitfly Drosophila, MEF2 is essential for normal development of wing veins, and for mushroom body formation in the brain. In embryos mutant for D-mef2, there was a striking reduction in the number of mushroom body neurons and their axon bundles were not detectable. D-MEF2 expression coincided with the formation of embryonic mushroom bodies and, in larvae, expression onset was confirmed to be in post-mitotic neurons. With a D-mef2 point mutation that disrupts nuclear localization, we find that D-MEF2 is restricted to a subset of Kenyon cells that project to the α/β, and γ axonal lobes of the mushroom bodies, but not to those forming the α’/β’ lobes. Our findings that ancestral mef2 is specifically important in dopamine-receptive neurons has broad implications for its function in mammalian neurocircuits.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Third Ventricular Glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmira Gacic ◽  
Hakija Beculic ◽  
Rasim Skomorac ◽  
Alma Efendic
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme, is an aggressive type of cancer that is made up of abnormal astrocytic cells, but also contain a mixture of different cell types (including blood vessels) and areas of necrosis. It is often seen in the brain and spinal cord, but glioblastomas are rarely found in the third ventricle. In this case, it was diagnosed in a 22-year-old male patient and we intended to draw

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