scholarly journals The Dichaete gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a SOX-domain protein required for embryonic segmentation

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (11) ◽  
pp. 3669-3676 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Russell ◽  
N. Sanchez-Soriano ◽  
C.R. Wright ◽  
M. Ashburner
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Recessive Lethal ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Domain Protein ◽  
Homozygous Deletions ◽  
Embryonic Segmentation ◽  
Molecular Nature ◽  
Pair Rule

We have cloned and characterised a member of the High Mobility Group superfamily of genes from Drosophila, Sox70D, which is closely related to the mammalian testis determining gene SRY. Sox70D corresponds to the dominant wing mutation Dichaete. Homozygous deletions of the Sox70D gene and recessive lethal Dichaete alleles have a variable embryonic segmentation phenotype. Dichaete is expressed in early embryos in a dynamic pattern reminiscent of gap and pair-rule genes and is required for the appropriate expression of the primary pair-rule genes even skipped, hairy and runt. The molecular nature of Dichaete and its expression pattern during early embryogenesis suggest that the gene plays a key role in early development; the variability in both the segmentation phenotype and the effects on pair-rule gene expression suggests that this role is to support the transcriptional regulation of key developmental genes rather than directly regulate any one of them.

odd Oz: A novel Drosophila pair rule gene

Cell ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Levine ◽  
Ayelet Bashan-Ahrend ◽  
Ofra Budai-Hadrian ◽  
Devorah Gartenberg ◽  
Sophia Menasherow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Pair Rule

her1, a zebrafish pair-rule like gene, acts downstream of notch signalling to control somite development

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 3005-3014 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Takke ◽  
J.A. Campos-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Active Form ◽  
Notch Signalling ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Presomitic Mesoderm ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ectopic Activation ◽  
Pair Rule

During vertebrate embryonic development, the paraxial mesoderm becomes subdivided into metameric units known as somites. In the zebrafish embryo, genes encoding homologues of the proteins of the Drosophila Notch signalling pathway are expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and expression is maintained in a segmental pattern during somitogenesis. This expression pattern suggests a role for these genes during somite development. We misexpressed various zebrafish genes of this group by injecting mRNA into early embryos. RNA encoding a constitutively active form of notch1a (notch1a-intra) and a truncated variant of deltaD [deltaD(Pst)], as well as transcripts of deltaC and deltaD, the hairy-E(spl) homologues her1 and her4, and groucho2 were tested for their effects on somite formation, myogenesis and on the pattern of transcription of putative downstream genes. In embryos injected with any of these RNAs, with the exception of groucho2 RNA, the paraxial mesoderm differentiated normally into somitic tissue, but failed to segment correctly. Activation of notch results in ectopic activation of her1 and her4. This misregulation of the expression of her genes might be causally related to the observed mesodermal defects, as her1 and her4 mRNA injections led to effects similar to those seen with notch1a-intra. deltaC and deltaD seem to function after subdivision of the presomitic mesoderm, since the her gene transcription pattern in the presomitic mesoderm remains essentially normal after misexpression of delta genes. Whereas notch signalling alone apparently does not affect myogenesis, zebrafish groucho2 is involved in differentiation of mesodermal derivatives.

Teneurin-1, a vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila pair-rule gene ten-m, is a neuronal protein with a novel type of heparin-binding domain

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 2019-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Minet ◽  
B.P. Rubin ◽  
R.P. Tucker ◽  
S. Baumgartner ◽  
R. Chiquet-Ehrismann
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Motifs ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Phylogenetic Conservation ◽  
Neuronal Protein ◽  
Repeat Proteins ◽  
Heparin Binding Domain ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Pair Rule

The Drosophila gene ten-m is the first pair-rule gene not encoding a transcription factor, but an extracellular protein. We have characterized a highly conserved chicken homologue that we call teneurin-1. The C-terminal part harbors 26 repetitive sequence motifs termed YD-repeats. The YD-repeats are most similar to the core of the rhs elements of Escherichia coli. Related repeats in toxin A of Clostridium difficile are known to bind specific carbohydrates. We show that recombinantly expressed proteins containing the YD-repeats of teneurin-1 bind to heparin. Furthermore, heparin lyase treatment of extracts of cells expressing recombinant YD-repeat protein releases this protein from high molecular mass aggregates. In situ hybridization and immunostaining reveals teneurin-1 expression in neurons of the developing visual system of chicken and Drosophila. This phylogenetic conservation of neuronal expression from flies to birds implies fundamental roles for teneurin-1 in neurogenesis. This is supported by the neurite outgrowth occurring on substrates made of recombinant YD-repeat proteins, which can be inhibited by heparin. Database searches resulted in the identification of ESTs encoding at least three further members of the teneurin family of proteins. Furthermore, the human teneurin-1 gene could be identified on chromosome Xq24/25, a region implied in an X-linked mental retardation syndrome.

scholarly journals Tc-knirps plays different roles in the specification of antennal and mandibular parasegment boundaries and is regulated by a pair-rule gene in the beetle Tribolium castaneum

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Peel ◽  
Julia Schanda ◽  
Daniela Grossmann ◽  
Frank Ruge ◽  
Georg Oberhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Pair Rule

scholarly journals Unipolar distributions of junctional Myosin II identify cell stripe boundaries that drive cell intercalation throughout Drosophila axis extension

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Tetley ◽  
Guy B Blanchard ◽  
Alexander G Fletcher ◽  
Richard J Adams ◽  
Bénédicte Sanson
Keyword(s):  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Convergence And Extension ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Cell Intercalation ◽  
Pair Rule ◽  
Cell Cell

Convergence and extension movements elongate tissues during development. Drosophila germ-band extension (GBE) is one example, which requires active cell rearrangements driven by Myosin II planar polarisation. Here, we develop novel computational methods to analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics of Myosin II during GBE, at the scale of the tissue. We show that initial Myosin II bipolar cell polarization gives way to unipolar enrichment at parasegmental boundaries and two further boundaries within each parasegment, concomitant with a doubling of cell number as the tissue elongates. These boundaries are the primary sites of cell intercalation, behaving as mechanical barriers and providing a mechanism for how cells remain ordered during GBE. Enrichment at parasegment boundaries during GBE is independent of Wingless signaling, suggesting pair-rule gene control. Our results are consistent with recent work showing that a combinatorial code of Toll-like receptors downstream of pair-rule genes contributes to Myosin II polarization via local cell-cell interactions. We propose an updated cell-cell interaction model for Myosin II polarization that we tested in a vertex-based simulation.

scholarly journals Odd-paired controls frequency doubling in Drosophila segmentation by altering the pair-rule gene regulatory network

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Clark ◽  
Michael Akam
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Frequency Doubling ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Anteroposterior Patterning ◽  
Regulatory Interactions ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Pair Rule

The Drosophila embryo transiently exhibits a double-segment periodicity, defined by the expression of seven 'pair-rule' genes, each in a pattern of seven stripes. At gastrulation, interactions between the pair-rule genes lead to frequency doubling and the patterning of 14 parasegment boundaries. In contrast to earlier stages of Drosophila anteroposterior patterning, this transition is not well understood. By carefully analysing the spatiotemporal dynamics of pair-rule gene expression, we demonstrate that frequency-doubling is precipitated by multiple coordinated changes to the network of regulatory interactions between the pair-rule genes. We identify the broadly expressed but temporally patterned transcription factor, Odd-paired (Opa/Zic), as the cause of these changes, and show that the patterning of the even-numbered parasegment boundaries relies on Opa-dependent regulatory interactions. Our findings indicate that the pair-rule gene regulatory network has a temporally modulated topology, permitting the pair-rule genes to play stage-specific patterning roles.

The zygotic control of Drosophila pair-rule gene expression. I. A search for new pair-rule regulatory loci

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Vavra ◽  
S.B. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Periodic Patterns ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
New Type ◽  
Regulatory Loci ◽  
Direct Inspection ◽  
Pair Rule ◽  
Zygotic Control

The examination of pair-rule gene expression in wild-type and segmentation mutant embryos has identified many, but not necessarily all, of the elements of the regulatory system that establish their periodic patterns. Here we have conducted a new type of search for previously unknown regulators of these genes by examining pair-rule gene expression in blastoderm embryos lacking parts of or entire chromosomes. This method has the advantage of direct inspection of abnormal pair-rule gene patterns without relying upon mutagenesis or interpretation of larval phenotypes for the identification of segmentation genes. From these experiments we conclude that: (i) most zygotically required regulators of the fushi tarazu (ftz), even-skipped (eve) and hairy (h) pair-rule genes have been identified, except for one or more loci we have uncovered on chromosome arm 2L; (ii) the repression of the ftz and eve genes in the anterior third of the embryo is under maternal, not zygotic control; and (iii) there are no general zygotically required activators of pair-rule gene expression. The results suggest that the molecular basis of pair-rule gene regulation can be pursued with greater confidence now that most key trans-acting factors are already in hand.

Dose-dependent regulation of pair-rule stripes by gap proteins and the initiation of segment polarity

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Warrior ◽  
M. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Periodic Patterns ◽  
Threshold Response ◽  
Gap Gene ◽  
Relative Placement ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Pair Rule

A key step in Drosophila segmentation is the establishment of periodic patterns of pair-rule gene expression in response to gap gene products. From an examination of the distribution of gap and pair-rule proteins in various mutants, we conclude that the on/off periodicity of pair-rule stripes depends on both the exact concentrations and combinations of gap proteins expressed in different embryonic cells. It has been suggested that the distribution of gap gene products depends on cross-regulatory interactions among these genes. Here we provide evidence that autoregulation also plays an important role in this process since there is a reduction in the levels of Kruppel (Kr) RNA and protein in a Kr null mutant. Once initiated by the gap genes each pair-rule stripe is bell shaped and has ill-defined margins. By the end of the fourteenth nuclear division cycle, the stripes of the pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve) sharpen and polarize, a process that is essential for the precisely localized expression of segment polarity genes. This sharpening process appears to depend on a threshold response of the eve promoter to the combinatorial action of eve and a second pair-rule gene hairy. The eve and hairy expression patterns overlap but are out of register and the cells of maximal overlap form the anterior margin of the polarized eve stripe. We propose that the relative placement of the eve and hairy stripes may be an important factor in the initiation of segment polarity.

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